Protective Telecommunications Enclosure Systems and Methods

ABSTRACT

Protective containers for electronic equipment, and methods of testing, use, and/or manufacture thereof, are provided. The cabinets provide a HEMP protection level to electronic equipment housed therein that meets a HEMP protection level according to MIL-STD-188-125-1.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/773,939 (the “'939 Application”), filed Feb. 22, 2013 by Hector Rojoet al. (attorney docket no. 020370-007810US), entitled, “ProtectiveTelecommunications Enclosure Systems and Methods,” which claims thebenefit of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/716,385 (the “'385application”), filed Oct. 19, 2012 by Hector Rojo et al. (attorneydocket no. 020370-007800US), entitled, “Protective TelecommunicationsEnclosure Systems and Methods.” The '939 Application is also acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/616,249,filed Sep. 14, 2012 by Heimann et al. (attorney docket no.020370-007100US), which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/714,337, (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,289,717), filed Feb. 26, 2010 byHeimann et al. (attorney docket no. 020366-099810US), which is acontinuation-in-part of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/780,045(now U.S. Pat. No. 8,867,234), filed Jul. 19, 2007 by Heimann et al.(attorney docket no. 020366-099800US).

The entire disclosure of each of these applications is incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialthat is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever.

FIELD

Embodiments of the present invention relate to protective containers forelectronic equipment, and in particular to enclosure systems and methodsfor protecting telecommunications equipment from electromagnetic fields.

BACKGROUND

During a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (“HEMP”) event, damage totelecommunications equipment can be prevented or ameliorated through theuse of a protective metallic shielding. For example, telecommunicationsequipment may be stored in a room having HEMP protected walls.

Current approaches for protecting telecommunications racks andenclosures from HEMP exposure are often costly, however, and not wellsuited for efficient use with standard sized telecommunications storagefacilities and components. For example, in some cases custom protectedrooms are built to store telecommunications racks. In other cases,vendors lease multiple telecommunications rooms or spaces in which tostore oversized hardened enclosures.

There is a need for enclosures that provide adequate shielding fortelecommunications equipment and that meet floor space constraintsand/or spatial dimension requirements for a telecommunications room orspace. Embodiments of the present invention address such needs.

BRIEF SUMMARY

A telecommunications enclosure encompasses a case or a housing with aninterior rack that is dedicated to the telecommunications function andrelated support facilities. For example, an enclosure can include anintegrated telecommunications cabinet and rack. Advantageously,enclosure embodiments of the present invention can be used efficientlyand effectively in any of a variety of telecommunications room or spaceconfigurations. These enclosures include electrical and fiber entranceswhich are placed to accommodate a telecommunications environment.

In a first aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a methodof producing a HEMP protected enclosure for holding an electronicdevice. The method may include, for example, building a test HEMPprotected enclosure according to an enclosure design, performing anacceptance testing procedure on the test HEMP protected enclosure,determining whether the test HEMP protected enclosure meets a HEMPprotection level according to MIL STD 188 125 1, and producing aplurality of HEMP protected enclosures according to the enclosure designif the test HEMP protected enclosure meets the HEMP protection levelaccording to MIL STD 188 125 1. In some cases, the test HEMP protectedenclosure has a maximum cabinet width dimension that does not exceedabout 26 inches and a maximum cabinet depth dimension that does notexceed about 22⅜ inches. In some cases, the test HEMP protectedenclosure has a maximum cabinet height dimension that does not exceedabout 84 inches. The test HEMP protected enclosure can have a powerinput point of entry that facilitates entry of a power cable to theinterior space from a location external to the cabinet, and a fiberoptic cable point of entry that facilitates entry of a fiber optic cableto the interior space from a location external to the cabinet.

In another aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a HEMPprotected enclosure for holding an electronic device. The enclosure caninclude, for example, a cabinet having an interior space, and a rackdisposed within the interior space. The rack can be configured tosupport the electronic device. The cabinet can have a maximum widthdimension that does not exceed about 26 inches and a maximum depthdimension that does not exceed about 22⅜ inches. The enclosure canprovide a HEMP protection level to the telecommunications device thatmeets a HEMP protection level according to MIL STD 188 125 1. In somecases, the HEMP protected telecommunications enclosure includes acabinet having a maximum height dimension that does not exceed about 84inches. In some cases, the enclosure provides a HEMP protection level tothe telecommunications device of at least 100 dB attenuation at 1 GHz.In related cases, the enclosure provides a HEMP protection level to thetelecommunications device of at least 80 dB attenuation at 1 GHz. Theenclosure can further include a power input point of entry thatfacilitates entry of a power cable to the interior space from a locationexternal to the cabinet, and a fiber optic cable point of entry thatfacilitates entry of a fiber optic cable to the interior space from alocation external to the cabinet. Similarly, the enclosure may include aconverter, and a battery coupled with the converter. The enclosure canalso include a power filter. A clean output of the power filter can bedisposed within the interior space of the cabinet. A dirty input of thepower filter can be disposed external to the cabinet. In some cases, thecabinet includes a front opening that is configured to receive theelectronic device therethrough. A front opening of the cabinet can havea width dimension of about 23 inches, and a height dimension of about 71inches. In some aspects, the enclosure includes a power input point ofentry that facilitates entry of a power cable to the interior space froma location external to the cabinet, where the power input point of entryis disposed at a top surface of the enclosure. In some aspects, theenclosure includes a fiber optic cable point of entry that facilitatesentry of a fiber optic cable to the interior space from a locationexternal to the cabinet, where the fiber optic cable point of entry isdisposed at a top surface of the enclosure. The enclosure may alsoinclude a power cable coupled with the power input point of entry, and afiber optic cable coupled with the fiber optic cable point of entry.

In still another aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide abattery tray for use in a HEMP protected telecommunications enclosure.The battery tray may include a platform configured to support atelecommunications device, and a mounting means coupled with theplatform. The mounting means can be disposed above a top surface of theplatform. In some cases, the platform has a width dimension that doesnot exceed about 26 inches, and a depth dimension that does not exceedabout 22⅜ inches.

In yet another aspect, embodiments of the present invention encompass amethod of providing HEMP protection to a telecommunications device. Themethod can include placing the telecommunications device in a HEMPprotected telecommunications enclosure. The enclosure can include acabinet having an interior space, and a rack disposed within theinterior space. The rack can be configured to support thetelecommunications device. The cabinet can have a maximum widthdimension that does not exceed about 26 inches and a maximum depthdimension that does not exceed about 22⅜ inches. The enclosure canprovide a HEMP protection level to the telecommunications device thatmeets a HEMP protection level according to MIL STD 188-125-1.

In a further aspect, embodiments of the present invention encompassmethods of producing a HEMP protected enclosure for holding anelectronic device that include building a test HEMP protected enclosureaccording to an enclosure design, performing an acceptance testingprocedure on the test HEMP protected enclosure, determining whether thetest HEMP protected enclosure meets a HEMP protection level according toMIL STD 188 125 1, and producing a plurality of HEMP protectedenclosures according to the enclosure design if the test HEMP protectedenclosure meets the HEMP protection level according to MIL STD 188 1251, where the test HEMP protected enclosure includes a cabinet widthdimension of about 26 inches and a cabinet depth dimension of about 38inches, a cabinet width dimension of about 65 inches and a cabinet depthdimension of about 30 inches, or a cabinet width dimension of about 26inches and a cabinet depth dimension of about 20¼ inches. In some cases,the test HEMP protected enclosure includes a cabinet width dimension ofabout 26 inches and a cabinet depth dimension of about 38 inches. Insome cases, the test HEMP protected enclosure includes a cabinet widthdimension of about 65 inches and a cabinet depth dimension of about 30inches. In some cases, the test HEMP protected enclosure includes acabinet width dimension of about 26 inches and a cabinet depth dimensionof about 20¼ inches. In some cases, the test HEMP protected enclosureincludes a maximum cabinet height dimension that does not exceed about84 inches. Optionally, the test HEMP protected enclosure may include apower input point of entry that facilitates entry of a power cable tothe interior space from a location external to the cabinet, and a fiberoptic cable point of entry that facilitates entry of a fiber optic cableto the interior space from a location external to the cabinet.

In another aspect, embodiments of the present invention encompass a HEMPprotected enclosure for holding an electronic device, where theenclosure includes a cabinet having an interior space, and a rackdisposed within the interior space. The rack can be configured tosupport the electronic device. The test HEMP protected enclosure caninclude a cabinet width dimension of about 26 inches and a cabinet depthdimension of about 38 inches, a cabinet width dimension of about 65inches and a cabinet depth dimension of about 30 inches, or a cabinetwidth dimension of about 26 inches and a cabinet depth dimension ofabout 20¼ inches. The enclosure can provide a HEMP protection level tothe telecommunications device that meets a HEMP protection levelaccording to MIL STD 188 125 1. In some cases, the cabinet includes amaximum height dimension that does not exceed about 84 inches. In somecases, the enclosure provides a HEMP protection level to thetelecommunications device of at least 100 dB attenuation at 1 GHz.Optionally, the HEMP protected telecommunications enclosure can includea power input point of entry that facilitates entry of a power cable tothe interior space from a location external to the cabinet, and a fiberoptic cable point of entry that facilitates entry of a fiber optic cableto the interior space from a location external to the cabinet. In somecases, the HEMP protected telecommunications enclosure can include aconverter, and a battery coupled with the converter. Optionally, theHEMP protected telecommunications enclosure may include a power filter.In some instances, a clean output of the power filter can be disposedwithin the interior space of the cabinet. In some instances, a dirtyinput of the power filter can be disposed external to the cabinet.According to some embodiments, the cabinet can include a front openingconfigured to receive the electronic device therethrough. A frontopening of the cabinet can have a width dimension of about 23 inches,and a height dimension of about inches. In some cases, the enclosureprovides a HEMP protection level to the telecommunications device of atleast 80 dB attenuation at 1 GHz. In some cases, an enclosure mayinclude a power input point of entry that facilitates entry of a powercable to the interior space from a location external to the cabinet,where the power input point of entry is disposed at a top surface of theenclosure. In some cases, the enclosure may include a fiber optic cablepoint of entry that facilitates entry of a fiber optic cable to theinterior space from a location external to the cabinet, where the fiberoptic cable point of entry is disposed at a top surface of theenclosure. Optionally, a HEMP protected telecommunications enclosure caninclude a power cable coupled with the power input point of entry, and afiber optic cable coupled with the fiber optic cable point of entry.

In still a further aspect, embodiments of the present inventionencompass methods of providing HEMP protection to a telecommunicationsdevice. Exemplary methods include placing the telecommunications devicein a HEMP protected telecommunications enclosure, where the enclosureincludes a cabinet having an interior space, and a rack disposed withinthe interior space. The rack can be configured to support thetelecommunications device. The cabinet can have a cabinet widthdimension of about 26 inches and a cabinet depth dimension of about 38inches, a cabinet width dimension of about 65 inches and a cabinet depthdimension of about 30 inches, or a cabinet width dimension of about 26inches and a cabinet depth dimension of about 20¼ inches. In some cases,the enclosure provides a HEMP protection level to the telecommunicationsdevice that meets a HEMP protection level according to MIL STD 188 1251.

In another aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a methodof producing a HEMP protected enclosure for holding an electronicdevice. The method may include, for example, building a test HEMPprotected enclosure according to an enclosure design, performing anacceptance testing procedure on the test HEMP protected enclosure,determining whether the test HEMP protected enclosure meets a HEMPprotection level according to MIL-STD-488-125-1, and producing aplurality of HEMP protected enclosures according to the enclosure designif the test HEMP protected enclosure meets the HEMP protection levelaccording to MIL-STD-188-125-1. In some cases, the test HEMP protectedenclosure has a maximum cabinet width dimension that does not exceedabout 90 inches and a maximum cabinet depth dimension that does notexceed about 30 inches. In some cases, the test HEMP protected enclosurehas a maximum cabinet height dimension that does not exceed about 94inches. The test HEMP protected enclosure can have a power input pointof entry that facilitates entry of a power cable to the interior spacefrom a location external to the cabinet, and a fiber optic cable pointof entry that facilitates entry of a fiber optic cable to the interiorspace from a location external to the cabinet.

In yet another aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide aHEMP protected enclosure for holding an electronic device. The enclosurecan include, for example, a cabinet having an interior space, and a rackdisposed within the interior space. The rack can be configured tosupport the electronic device. The cabinet can have a maximum widthdimension that does not exceed about 90 inches and a maximum depthdimension that does not exceed about 30 inches. The enclosure canprovide a HEMP protection level to the telecommunications device thatmeets a HEMP protection level according to MIL-STD-188-125-1. In somecases, the HEMP protected telecommunications enclosure includes acabinet having a maximum height dimension that does not exceed about 94inches.

In some cases, the enclosure provides a HEMP protection level to thetelecommunications device of at least 100 dB attenuation at 1 GHz. Inrelated cases, the enclosure provides a HEMP protection level to thetelecommunications device of at least 80 dB attenuation at 1 GHz. Theenclosure can further include a power input point of entry thatfacilitates entry of a power cable to the interior space from a locationexternal to the cabinet, and a fiber optic cable point of entry thatfacilitates entry of a fiber optic cable to the interior space from alocation external to the cabinet. Similarly, the enclosure may include aconverter, and a battery coupled with the converter. The enclosure canalso include a power filter. A clean output of the power filter can bedisposed within the interior space of the cabinet. A dirty input of thepower filter can be disposed external to the cabinet. In some cases, thecabinet includes a front opening that is configured to receive theelectronic device therethrough. A front opening of the cabinet can havea width dimension of about 23.5 inches. In some aspects, the enclosureincludes a power input point of entry that facilitates entry of a powercable to the interior space from a location external to the cabinet,where the power input point of entry is disposed at a top surface of theenclosure. In some aspects, the enclosure includes a fiber optic cablepoint of entry that facilitates entry of a fiber optic cable to theinterior space from a location external to the cabinet, where the fiberoptic cable point of entry is disposed at a top surface of theenclosure. The enclosure may also include a power cable coupled with thepower input point of entry, and a fiber optic cable coupled with thefiber optic cable point of entry.

In still another aspect, embodiments of the present invention encompassa method of providing HEMP protection to a telecommunications device.The method can include placing the telecommunications device in a HEMPprotected telecommunications enclosure. The enclosure can include acabinet having an interior space, and a rack disposed within theinterior space. The rack can be configured to support thetelecommunications device. The cabinet can have a maximum widthdimension that does not exceed about 90 inches, a maximum depthdimension that does not exceed about 30 inches, a maximum heightdimension that does not exceed about 94 inches. The enclosure canprovide a HEMP protection level to the telecommunications device thatmeets a HEMP protection level according to MIL-STD-188-125-1.

In another aspect, a decoy enclosure may be provided for holding anelectronic device. The decoy enclosure might comprise a cabinet havingan interior space, and a rack disposed within the interior space. Therack might be configured to support the electronic device. The decoyenclosure might be configured to appear to provide a HEMP protectionlevel to the telecommunications device that meets a HEMP protectionlevel according to MIL-STD-188-125-1, but does not actually provide theHEMP protection level according to MIL-STD-188-125-1.

For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the presentinvention, reference should be had to the ensuing detailed descriptiontaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A further understanding of the nature and advantages of particularembodiments may be realized by reference to the remaining portions ofthe specification and the drawings, in which like reference numerals areused to refer to similar components. In some instances, a sub-label isassociated with a reference numeral to denote one of multiple similarcomponents. When reference is made to a reference numeral withoutspecification to an existing sub-label, it is intended to refer to allsuch multiple similar components.

FIGS. 1A-1D illustrate various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure according to embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 2A-2F show various views of a HEMP protected telecommunicationsenclosure 200 according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 3A-3C show transverse views of a HEMP protected telecommunicationsenclosure according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows a top view of an enclosure according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 5 depicts a top view of an enclosure door according to embodimentsof the present invention.

FIG. 6A provides a front view and FIG. 6B provides a cutaway side viewof a HEMP protected telecommunications enclosure according toembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 provides a schematic of a HEMP protected telecommunicationsenclosure according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 8 shows a carding arrangement in a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure according to embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate top and front views of a telecommunicationsenclosure cabinet according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 10A and 10B depict various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure according to embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 11A-11C show transverse views of enclosure according toembodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 12A-12C show a battery tray according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 13A-13E illustrate an enclosure system having a sliding cantileverhinge design according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 14 shows the three measurement ranges of the system for the threeShielding Effectiveness tests.

FIGS. 15A-15E show Shielding Effectiveness measurements of a cabinetaccording to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 16 shows a drive current waveform into a short circuit according toembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 17 shows residuals measured on filters for the peak drive currentsaccording to embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 18 and 19 show details of an E2 risetime and entire waveform intoa short circuit according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 20 depicts four recorded E2 residuals according to embodiments ofthe present invention.

FIG. 21 shows three measurement ranges of a DTRA system for threeShielding Effectiveness tests according to embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 22A-22E show Shielding Effectiveness measurements of a cabinetaccording to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 23 illustrates results of a Shielding Effectiveness measurementaccording to embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 24 and 25 show residuals measured on filters for the peak drivecurrents according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 26 and 27 show details of an E2 risetime and entire waveform intoa short circuit according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 28 shows recorded E2 residuals according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 29A-29C illustrate various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure 2900 according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 30A-30C illustrate various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure 3000 according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 31A-31C illustrate various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure 3100 according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 32 shows an exemplary Anderson plug assembly 3200 coupled with acabinet mounting rail assembly 3210 according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 33 shows a spool assembly 3300 according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 34 shows a hinge assembly 3400 of an enclosure according toembodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 35A-B illustrate top and front views of a telecommunicationsenclosure cabinet according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 36A-36E illustrate various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure 3600 according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 37A-B illustrate top and front views of a telecommunicationsenclosure cabinet according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 38A-38E illustrate various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure 3800 according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

While various aspects and features of certain embodiments have beensummarized above, the following detailed description illustrates a fewexemplary embodiments in further detail to enable one of skill in theart to practice such embodiments. The described examples are providedfor illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of theinvention.

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the described embodiments. It will be apparent to oneskilled in the art, however, that other embodiments of the presentinvention may be practiced without some of these specific details. Inother instances, certain structures and devices are shown in blockdiagram form. Several embodiments are described herein, and whilevarious features are ascribed to different embodiments, it should beappreciated that the features described with respect to one embodimentmay be incorporated with other embodiments as well. By the same token,however, no single feature or features of any described embodimentshould be considered essential to every embodiment of the invention, asother embodiments of the invention may omit such features.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers used herein to expressquantities, dimensions, and so forth used should be understood as beingmodified in all instances by the term “about.” In this application, theuse of the singular includes the plural unless specifically statedotherwise, and use of the terms “and” and “or” means “and/or” unlessotherwise indicated. Moreover, the use of the term “including,” as wellas other forms, such as “includes” and “included,” should be considerednon-exclusive. Also, terms such as “element” or “component” encompassboth elements and components comprising one unit and elements andcomponents that comprise more than one unit, unless specifically statedotherwise.

Embodiments of the present invention can enhance the survivability of atelecommunications system or device against an HEMP event, while at thesame time providing optimum space utilization of a telecommunicationsspace or room. Telecommunication enclosures meet established standardsfor HEMP protection, and dimensional specifications fortelecommunications infrastructure administration, pathways, spaces, andthe like. Enclosures can be pre-wired or pre-packaged for cost-effectiveshipment and installation. Embodiments provide off-the-shelf solutionsand can eliminate the need for customized designs. In some cases,enclosures can provide customized dimensions or components. For example,an enclosure can be customized pursuant to an equipment configuration toprovide desired size dimensions and power needs. In some cases, anenclosure may include a custom battery tray.

Turning now to the drawings, FIGS. 1A-1D illustrate various views of aHEMP protected telecommunications enclosure 100 according to embodimentsof the present invention. Telecommunications enclosure 100 includes acabinet 110 having a top 120, a bottom 130, a front 140, a back 150, andtwo sides 160. Cabinet 110 defines an interior space 170, and is coupledwith a door 180 via a hinge assembly 182. When door 180 is closed, itcan be securely fastened to cabinet 110 with latches 184. Typically,door 180 is wide enough to accommodate installation and routinemaintenance of equipment housed in cabinet 110, and robust enough toprovide adequate shielding. Enclosure 100 also includes an air exhaustsystem 122 disposed toward top 120 of cabinet 110. Exhaust system 122may include, for example, two 48 volt fans located at or toward cabinettop 120 and accessible for maintenance and repair. In some cases,exhaust system 122 vents out the top of the cabinet. In some cases,exhaust system 122 vents out the back of the cabinet. In a preferredembodiment, exhaust system 122 vents out the back of the cabinet, towardthe top. Enclosure 100 includes rack components such as verticalmounting rails or tapped mounting angles 162 and chassis supports 164coupled with cabinet sides 160. Enclosure 100 also includes an airintake system 152, a power filter system 154, a fiber optic cable pointof entry (POE) 124, and a power input point of entry (POE) 126, eachcoupled with back 150 of cabinet 110. In some embodiments, interiorcables from filter system 154 are clean (FIG. 1C), and exterior cablesfrom filter system 154 are dirty (FIG. 1D).

Telecommunications enclosure 100 also includes a base mounting support190 having a front flange 192 and a rear flange 194, where each flangeextends the widths of cabinet 110. Often, flanges 192, 194 will includemeans for attachment with a floor or supporting surface. For example,flanges 192, 194 may include apertures for attachment with the floor viafloor anchoring bolts. The apertures may be elongated to provide easyinstallation or to accommodate for less exact installation. In someembodiments, flanges 192, 194 are configured to be as narrow as possiblewhile still accommodating installation via the anchoring bolts or othermeans of attachment. Telecommunications enclosure 100 may also include atop support 128, which in some cases may include an auxiliary bar weldedto the top of cabinet 110. The auxiliary bar can be aligned parallelwith the front and back of cabinet 110. In a preferred embodiment, thebar or top support includes three holes, three inches apart, tapped fora ⅝″ threaded rod. The top support may be configured to accommodatecomponents mounted on or toward the top of the cabinet, for example apower line filter, a fiber point of entry, and the like. In someembodiments, base mounting support 190 or top mounting support 128, orthe combination thereof, can be configured to meet Zone 4 stressrequirements.

Enclosure 100 or component parts thereof are typically configured tocertain specifications or dimensions. For example, the enclosure can beconfigured for installation in a standard telecommunications room orspace, such that the dimensions of the enclosure do not exceed certainlimits. In some cases, enclosure 100 can be manufactured not to exceed avolume or space of about 26″ width by about 22⅜″ depth by about 84″height. This may include the frame or relay rock size, including panelcovers. The enclosure can include two vertical mounting rails on eachside, and the forward rails can be located approximately 8 inches intothe cabinet as measured from the cabinet front. This particularconfiguration is useful for enclosures that hold telecommunicationsequipment. Enclosures that hold computer servers may provide a differentmounting rail configuration. The rails can be manufactured from 12 Gaugesteel, and can include holes which may be tapped according to anAmerican National Standard. For example, in some embodiments, the railsare tapped with 12-24 National Coarse (NC) holes along their entirelength or one or more portions thereof. The holes may be punched so thatthey are aligned in a straight vertical line, which can allow for easeof telecommunications equipment installation. In some cases, enclosureelements such as the vertical mounting rails are configured to meet orexceed seismic standards. For example, the rails can be manufactured tomeet a Zone 4 seismic specification. Typically a cabinet includes fourvertical mounting rails. Embodiments of the present invention includeenclosures and component elements thereof that are constructed accordingto certain procedures or standard specifications such as MIL-HDBK-423.In some embodiments, enclosure 100 is configured for placement in a hutor prefabricated building located along a telecommunications backbone,at least part of which may be near a railroad grid or right-of-way.

Enclosure 100 can define an electromagnetic barrier, so as to prevent orlimit HEMP fields and conducted transients from entering the enclosedspace. In some cases, enclosure 100 complies with minimum requirementsor design objects as set forth in certain standards, such asMIL-STD-188-125-1 (including Appendices), which is a standard forhigh-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) protection for ground-basedfacilities performing critical, time-urgent missions. For example,embodiments of the present invention encompass enclosures and componentparts that provide at least about 80 dB attenuation at 1 GHz. In someembodiments, enclosures and component parts provide at least about 100dB attenuation at 1 GHz. Enclosure 100 and components thereof can alsocomply with safety, spatial and environmental design guidelines appliedto telecommunications equipment, such as NEBS™. Similarly, enclosure 100and components thereof can comply with documents such as TelcordiaTechnologies GR-63-CORE and GR-1089-CORE, as well as related standardsrequired by or developed by organizations such as FCC, CISPR, IEC, IEEE,ASTM, ANSI, and ETSI. The fiber optic cable point of entry can include ashielded wave guide, and in some cases is located on the top of theenclosure, toward the front, so as to allow for ease of internal cablemanagement. In some cases, an air intake system includes a shieldedpassive vent, which may be constructed of machined, steel honeycomb. Thevent can be circumferentially welded to a mounting surface or cabinetsurface according to a procedure or standard specification such asMIL-HDBK-423.

FIGS. 2A-2F show various views of a HEMP protected telecommunicationsenclosure 200 according to embodiments of the present invention.Telecommunications enclosure 200 includes a cabinet 210 having a top220, a bottom 230, a front 240, a back 250, and two sides 260. In someembodiments, cabinet 210 has or does not exceed a total height H of 81inches, a total width W of 26 inches, and a total depth D of 20 inches.In a preferred embodiment, total height H is 84 inches. Depth D mayrepresent the distance from the exterior front surface of door 280 tothe back surface of cabinet back 250, and in some cases does not includefront flange 292, rear flange 294, or air intake system 252. Enclosure200 may also include a top support or structural angle 228 that can beadjusted or moved to any desired position between front 240 and back250. Top support 228 can be coupled with one or more auxiliary bars 229.Cabinet 210 includes struts 212 along which auxiliary bars 229 may slideor move, thus allowing top support 228 to be adjustably positioned toany location between cabinet front 240 and cabinet back 250, asindicated by arrow 228′. Auxiliary bars 229 are coupled with struts 212via spring nuts 214. In a preferred embodiment, the enclosure does notinclude an adjustable top support and auxiliary bars, struts, and springnuts.

In some cases, enclosure 200 includes one or more fire wall shelves 268.These shelves can be perforated for air flow, and can be adjusted ormoved to any desired position between top 220 and bottom 230. Typically,a fire wall shelf 268 is installed above a piece of telecommunicationsequipment. In a preferred embodiment, the enclosure does not include afire wall shelf. Cabinet 210 defines an interior space 270, and iscoupled with a door 280 via a hinge assembly 282. Enclosure 200 alsoincludes an air exhaust system 222, a fiber optic cable point of entry224, and a DC power input point of entry 226, each disposed toward top220 of cabinet 210. Fiber optic cable POE 224 can include a wave guidewith an EMI/RFI gasket. Air exhaust system 222 can provide, for example,an air flow rate of 450 cubic feet per minute (CFM). For example, thesystem can include two DC fans providing 225 CFM each. In someembodiments, the system includes two P1751 DC fans, available fromPelonis Technologies, Inc. (Malvern, Pa.). Enclosure 200 includesvertical mounting rails 262 and chassis supports 264 coupled withcabinet sides 260. Chassis supports 264 can be adjustable to any desiredposition between top 220 and bottom 230, and can provide support forchassis shelves 266. In a preferred embodiment, the chassis supports arefixed, and not adjustable. Depending on how much equipment is placedinside the enclosure, any number of fixed or sliding fire wall shelves268 or chassis shelves 266 may be needed or desired. In some cases, oneor more of these shelves can be configured to comply with safety,spatial and environmental design guidelines applied totelecommunications equipment, such as NEBS™.

Enclosure 200 also includes an air intake system 252 coupled with back250 of cabinet 210, and a power filter system 254 disposed near cabinettop 220. In some embodiments, power filter system 254 includes a powervault with one or more DC-line filters, and converts a dirty electricalinput to a clean electrical output that is transmitted to a load. Powerfilter system 254 may be mounted on the interior of cabinet 210. In apreferred embodiment, the power filter system is mounted on the exteriorof cabinet 210. Enclosure 200 can be installed according to standardinstallation techniques without incurring damage to power filter system254. Air intake system 252 can include a removable and washable outsidedust filter 252 a and an inside one inch thick steel electromagneticinterference (EMI) and radiofrequency interference (RFI) honeycombfilter 252 b. In a preferred embodiment, the air intake system does notinclude a dust filter. An enclosure can include durable hinges, latches,and handles that will not buckle, misalign, or degrade over anapproximately 20 year lifespan. The front of the enclosure willtypically define a large enough opening to allow for ease of equipmentinstallation and maintenance. For example, the size of the opening canbe maximized to allow for removal of installed telecommunicationscomponents such as cards.

FIGS. 3A-3C show transverse views of enclosure 300 according toembodiments of the present invention. FIG. 3A corresponds to Section A-Aas depicted in FIG. 2A. Telecommunications enclosure 300 includes acabinet 310 having a front 340, a back 350, and two sides 360. Cabinet310 defines an interior space 370, and is coupled with a door 380 via ahinge assembly 382. In some embodiments, hinge assembly 382 includes apiano hinge. In a preferred embodiment, the hinge assembly does notinclude a piano hinge. Enclosure 300 includes vertical mounting rails362 and chassis supports 364 coupled with cabinet sides 360. Enclosure300 also includes an air intake system 352 coupled with back 350 ofcabinet 310 interior. Door 380 can be sealed with cabinet front 340 witha gasket 384 that extends around a door opening rim 386. In someembodiments, gasket 384 includes a knife edge/copper finger stockgasketing. Enclosure gaskets such as gasket 384 can provide an air seal,an RFI seal, or any other suitable seal, for example as specified inMIL-STD-188-125-1. In a preferred embodiment, the door is not sealedwith the cabinet front with a gasket that extends around a door openingrim. Cabinet 310 can have a depth D that extends from cabinet front 340to cabinet back 350, where depth D is or does not exceed 20 inches. Adistance between the left door opening rim 386 (FIG. 3B) and the rightdoor opening rim 386 (FIG. 3C), which may also be referred to as a clearopening, can be within a range from about 19 inches to about 22 inches.In some embodiments, this width dimension is about 20.5 inches. In apreferred embodiment, this width dimension is about 23.5 inches. What ismore, this width dimension can be modified when the enclosure isconfigured as a double-wide design. The width dimension can beconfigured so as to facilitate telecommunications equipment installationand maintenance activities. In some cases, the depth of rim 386 is about1.125 inches. In some cases, the thickness of gasket 384 is about 0.250inches. As noted above, in a preferred embodiment the door is not sealedwith the cabinet front with a gasket that extends around a door openingrim.

A top view of an enclosure 400 is shown in FIG. 4, according toembodiments of the present invention. Telecommunications enclosure 400includes a cabinet 410 having a top 420, a front 440, a back 450, andtwo sides 460. Enclosure 400 also includes a top support 428 coupledwith two auxiliary bars 429. Cabinet 410 includes two struts 412 alongwhich auxiliary bars 429 may slide or move, thus allowing top support428 to be adjustably positioned to any location between cabinet front440 and cabinet back 450, as indicated by arrows 428′. Auxiliary bars429 are coupled with struts 412 via spring nuts 414. In a preferredembodiment, the top support is fixed, and not adjustable.

Cabinet 410 is coupled with a door 480 via a hinge assembly (not shown).Enclosure 400 also includes an air exhaust system 422, a fiber opticcable point of entry 424 and a power input point of entry 426 disposedtoward top 420 of cabinet 410. In some embodiments, fiber optic cablePOE and power input POE 426 are configured with grommets. In a preferredembodiment, the enclosure does not include a fiber optic cable POE andpower input POE configured with grommets. FIG. 5 shows a top view of adoor 580 according to embodiments of the present invention. Door 580 iscoupled with a hinge assembly 582 for attachment with an enclosurecabinet, a gasket 584, a gasket guide 586, and a hat section stiffener588. Gasket 584 and gasket guide 586 extend around the perimeter of door580 to provide a seal between door 580 and the front of the cabinet. Ina preferred embodiment, the enclosure does not include a gasket andgasket guide extending around the perimeter of the door.

FIG. 6A provides a front view and FIG. 6B provides a cutaway side viewof a HEMP protected telecommunications enclosure 600 according toembodiments of the present invention. Telecommunications enclosure 600includes a cabinet 610 having a top 620, a bottom 630, a front 640, aback 650, and two sides 660. Cabinet 610 is coupled with a door 680, andincludes a fiber optic cable point of entry 624. Enclosure 600 includesvertical mounting rails 662 coupled with cabinet sides 660. Cabinet 610includes an exterior room 612 configured to house a power filter system654, and an interior room 614 configured to house an air exhaust system622. In some embodiments, power filter system 654 includes a power vaultwith one or more DC-line filters, and converts a dirty electrical input(located exterior to the enclosure) to a clean electrical output(located within the enclosure) that is transmitted to a load. Cabinet610 defines an interior space 670, which can house any of a variety oftelecommunications components, including a Ciena transport equipmentmodule 670 a, a dispersion compensation module (DCM) 670 b, Cienatransport equipment module 670 c, a DC converter 670 d, and a batterystring 670 e. In a preferred embodiment, the enclosure includes twobattery strings. In some embodiments, an enclosure does not include atransport equipment module. Two battery strings 670 e can providestand-along self-sufficiency to enclosure 600 during a power outage. Forexample, a first string can provide power to the load, and the secondstring can provide N+1 protection, where N is the number of batterystrings required to satisfy the backup time requirement based on thecurrent load. The +1 is (1) additional string as a redundancyprecaution. In a preferred embodiment, (1) string is needed to satisfythe total back-up power requirements for a minimum of 8 hours plus (1)string for redundancy. Enclosure 600 also includes an air intake system652 coupled with back 650 of cabinet 610. In some embodiments,telecommunications equipment is installed in an enclosure starting atthe bottom, and proceeding toward the top, so as to leave as much emptyspace toward the top as possible.

Enclosure 600 is typically configured for installation in a standardtelecommunications room or space, such that the dimensions of theenclosure do not exceed certain limits. For example, enclosure 600 canbe manufactured not to exceed dimensions of about 26″ in width, about22⅜″ in depth, and about 84″ in height, including any exterior mountedpower line filters, but exclusive of any door handles, hinges, airintake vents, or bottom or top bracing.

Enclosure 600 can also be constructed so as to accommodate or supporttelecommunications equipment having certain parameters. For example,enclosure 600 can be constructed to accommodate two battery strings,each weighing about 282.4 pounds, and a DC-DC converter weighing about30 pounds. In some cases, enclosure 600 can be constructed to supportand house telecommunications equipment having a combined weight of about333 pounds. In some cases, this combined weight may be in a range fromabout 200 pounds to about 500 pounds. In some embodiments, the cabinetoccupies a minimal amount of space, while still being able toaccommodate installation of telecommunications equipment and routinemaintenance of fans and filters. In some embodiments, the enclosurecontains other electronic equipment in addition to or instead oftelecommunications equipment.

FIG. 7 provides a schematic of a HEMP protected telecommunicationsenclosure 700 according to one embodiment of the present invention, andillustrates how power can be brought from an external site into theinterior of enclosure 700. Telecommunications enclosure 700 includes acabinet 710 having a top 720, a bottom 730, and two sides 760. Cabinet710 includes a power filter system 754, a DC converter 770 d, an airexhaust system 722, a breaker panel 770 f, a Ciena transport equipmentmodule 770 c, and two battery strings 770 e. In some embodiments, theenclosure does not include a transport equipment module. In someembodiments, during operation site power can be supplied to the cabinetfrom site batteries 700 a or commercial AC 700 b. Where the power sourceis commercial AC 700 b, power is transmitted through site rectifiers 700c. Power is then transmitted through a bus 700 d, such as a −48 v siteDC bus, optionally through a site battery distribution feeder bay 700 e,and through a butt splice or H-tap 700 f. In some embodiments, 60 ampbreakers may be required or desired at the BDFB to insure that therecharge current for the cabinet batteries does not trip the BDFBbreakers. Breaker panel 770 f, which is attached with fans 722 andtransport equipment 770 c, acts as a load. Similarly, batteries 770 eact as a load. When site power is lost, or When site voltage drops belowa threshold, site power can be disconnected at a custom DC converter 770d, and cabinet batteries 770 e will carry the load for the cabinet. Whensite power is restored, for example via commercial AC or a generator,custom DC converter 770 d can switch back to normal operation and thecabinet can be powered via site power. The A and B side of filter system754 can provide redundancy to filter. For example, if the A side iscompromised, the B side can accommodate the needs of the enclosuresystem. In some embodiments, an estimated maximum load includes 2 ampsfor fans and 11.6 amps for transport equipment.

In some embodiments, custom DC converter 770 d may include, for example,a −48 VDC to −48 VDC converter, for example a Valere −48 v to −48 vconverter, shelf part #HK25SANN-VT, converter module part#DCHF1000AA-VV26. During normal operation, site power can be supplied tothe cabinet. Breaker panel 770 f, which may be coupled with fans 722 andtransport equipment 770 c, and cabinet batteries 770 e may act as loads.When the DC input voltage drops below a low operating threshold of theconverter input, which may occur due to site battery drain after anextended DC power outage, the converter can stop converting site DC andcabinet batteries 770 e can carry the load for only the cabinet. Whensite power is restored, for example via commercial AC or a generator, orthe converter input voltage rises above the input threshold, theconverter can resume converting site DC and the cabinet can be poweredand the cabinet batteries can be charged via the site power. In apreferred embodiment, the enclosure is configured so that if the siteloses power, the cabinet batteries pick up only the cabinet load and notthe rest of the site. This can be accomplished by the DC converter. Whensite power is lost or drops below an input voltage threshold theconverter shuts off and isolates the site from the cabinet batteries.Thus, the cabinet is powered by the batteries. The converter turns backon when the site power is restored. In some cases the input voltagethreshold is relatively low, and a switch from external to internalpower can be delayed. This time delay can be a function of the existingload at a site and the Amp Hour (AH) capacity of the site battery plant.A longer delay can correspond to a larger site battery plant AH and asmaller site load. Conversely, a shorter delay can correspond to asmaller site battery plant AH and a larger site load. The time delay canenable the equipment to run off site back up longer thus extending theoverall run time of the equipment. In a preferred embodiment, theenclosure is configured to use site power first. In some embodiments,individual sites may have different battery requirements.

The power filter system can include one or more DC HEMP shielded powerline filters, such as a 30 amp power filter. Power filters encompasselectronic circuits that locate and eliminate surges, harmonic transientcurrents, spikes, and other unwanted signals in telecommunicationsequipment. The filters are mounted external to the cabinet, for exampleon the cabinet top, and can include a dirty input to accommodate an A/Bfeed coming from the site. In some embodiments, the power filters areinstalled in accordance with a procedure or standard specification suchas MIL-HDBK-423.

The power filter system can also include or be adapted to couple with anexternal DC power connection. For example, the dirty power input can beconfigured to receive a wide variety of power cables, such as a #6 powercable (e.g., 6 AWG, XHHW, black, copper, stranded, 10 conductor, 600volt). In some embodiments, the telecommunications enclosure includes alength of cable extending from the filter, which may be slack andcoiled. Cables passing through the enclosure cabinet can be configuredin accordance with a procedure or standard specification such asMIL-HDBK-423. In some embodiments, a filter output (e.g., clean) thatruns inside of the cabinet is pre-wired with a five foot length of #10power cable. Various components of the telecommunications enclosure, forexample elements for power entry into and exit out of a power filter,may be pre-installed. Enclosures may therefore be well suited forconvenient installation. For the exterior of the enclosure, on-siteinstallation power work may include butt splicing site power cables to a#6 cable that protrudes from the enclosure or filter. For the interiorof the enclosure, on-site installation power work may includeterminating a #10 power cable to a DC converter, which can feed power toa distribution panel for other components in the enclosure. Power filtersystem 754 can include internal and external DC cables connected to oneor more DC filters. In some cases, these cables can be pre-connected tothe filters prior to shipment of the cabinet, to protect the integrityof the DC filters during cabinet installation. In a preferredembodiment, DC filters are configured to meet RF and electromagneticfiltering and size requirements or limitations of a customer (e.g., MILor NEBS™ standards). Such requirements or limitations may encompassstandards set forth by a utility or telecommunications company. In someembodiments, a #6 AWG (American Wire Gauge wire size) can be used for aDC filter input (external power) and a #10 AWG can be used for a DCfilter output (internal to a cabinet bay). Cabinets having pre-connectedcables can reduce the amount of onsite power installation work tostandard terminations performed by technicians.

Battery string 770 e can be configured to sit on two custom made trays,one disposed above the other, at or toward the bottom of the cabinet. Insome cases, the batteries have dimensions of 15.59″ length, 16.96″width, and 10.04″ height. Trays upon which batteries sit may add 1″height and/or 1′ width to the space occupied by the batteries. Any of avariety of batteries can be used in the cabinet, as long as theyphysically fit inside of the enclosure. For example, a string ofNorthstar NSB 90 FT batteries can be used to provide 10.8 amps for 8hours. String dimensions are 15.59″ in length, 16.96″ in width, and10.04″ in height, and string weight is 282.4 lbs. In some embodiments,cabinet batteries are sized and selected to provide an optimal ordesired back-up capacity while still fitting inside the cabinet. Back-uptimes can be estimated by, for example, calculating worst-case powerloads for various transport configurations and comparing to usablebatteries. Exemplary estimations are shown in Table 1, where back-uptimes exceeded a requirement of 8 hours. These estimations includemaximum power draws for each equipment configuration. GNB MarathonM12V90FT and NorthStar NSB-90-FT batteries are compared.

TABLE 1 Time on Time on Max Draw Battery Battery (in amps) MarathonNorthStar w/2 w/2 includes M12V90FT NSB.90.FT strings strings @ 6 1.5amps @8 Hours @8 Hours (in hours) (in hours) wavelengths for fans (inamps) (in amps) Marathon NorthStar Amp 3.6 10.1 45.6 48.8 Amp 5.4 10.130.3 32.4 (w/1 Raman) Amp 6.3 10.1 25.9 27.7 (w/2 Raman) Regen 11.6 10.110.8 14.0 15.0 Regen 13.1 10.1 10.8 12.4 13.3 (w/Raman) Terminal 11.610.1 10.8 14.0 15.0 Terminal 13.1 10.1 10.8 12.4 13.3 (w/Raman) Core44.7 10.8 Director CI

In some embodiments, a cabinet can be configured with two strings ofNorthStar NSB-90-FT batteries, having dimensions of 10.04″ height, 4.24″width, and 15.59″ length, at 70.6 lbs per cell and 282.4 lbs per string(4 cells per string). Each string can provide 10.8 amps during an 8 hourdischarge, where two strings are equivalent to 21.6 amps per cabinet. Insome embodiments, an enclosure can include two strings of EnerSys SBSC11 batteries, providing 11.3 Amps over 8 hours, or 20 Amps over 4hours. At 6 wavelengths, the EnerSys SBS C11 configuration also providesthe following values for reserve time: Amp 51.1, Amp (w/1 Raman) 33.9,Amp (w/2 Raman) 29.0, Regen 15.7, Regen (w/Raman) 13.9, Terminal 15.7,and Terminal (w/Raman) 13.9. The battery length is 15.6″, the width is4.1″ per cell or 16.4″ per string, and the depth is 10.4″. The weight is246.4 lbs per string.

FIG. 8 shows a carding arrangement in a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure 800 according to one embodiment of thepresent invention. A telecommunications rack chassis, for example aCiena® chassis, will typically include a number of slots configured forreceiving enclosure elements such as subscriber cards, line cards,switch fabric modules, and the like. This figure illustrates anexemplary arrangement of cards in a telecommunications enclosure, wherethe card placement spans from one side to the other. Enclosureembodiments of the present invention provide sufficient room to accessand remove the cards through the cabinet door, post-installation, forongoing maintenance purposes. Components of an enclosure such as a RegenTerminal may include, for example, a power distribution unit (PDU) 810,a common dispersion compensation module (DCM) 815, a fan 820, anSCM/enhanced BE module (EBEM) 825, an NCP2 830, a wreal signal toelectrical signal (W2E) (ILA-2) 835, an electrical signal to wrealsignal (E2W) integrated line amplifier (ILA-2) 840, a router 845, amultiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX) 850, a transceiver (XCVR) ormuxceiver (MUXCVR) 855, a (PS)/power distribution unit (PDU) 860, afiller panel 865, and the like.

FIG. 9A illustrates a top view of a telecommunications enclosure cabinet900 according to embodiments of the present invention. The externaldepth is represented by A, the distance between the mounting holes ofmounting rails is represented by B, and the usable area space isrepresented by C. In some embodiments, a telecommunications enclosurehas an external depth A of about 22.3 inches. In a preferred embodiment,external depth A does not exceed about 22.3 inches. In some embodiments,a telecommunications enclosure has a distance between the mounting holesof mounting rails B of 22¼ inches. In some cases, distance between themounting holes of mounting rails B can be in a range from between about18¼ and about 22¼ inches. In some cases, distance between the mountingholes of mounting rails B does not exceed 22¼ inches.

FIG. 9B illustrates a front view of a telecommunications enclosurecabinet 900 according to embodiments of the present invention. Theinternal usable height is represented by D, the external height isrepresented by E, the chassis clearance is represented by F, theinternal usable width is represented by G, and the external width isrepresented by H. In some embodiments, a telecommunications enclosurehas an external height E of about 84 inches. In a preferred embodiment,external height E does not exceed 84 inches. In a preferred embodiment,a telecommunications enclosure has an external width H of about 26inches. In a preferred embodiment, external width H does not exceedabout 26 inches.

FIGS. 10A and 10B show various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure 1000 according to embodiments of thepresent invention. Telecommunications enclosure 1000 includes a cabinet1010 having a top 1020, a bottom 1030, a front 1040, a back 1050, andtwo sides 1060. In some embodiments, cabinet 1010 has or does not exceeda total height H of about 84 inches, a total width W of about 26 inches,and a total depth D of about 20 inches. Depth D may represent thedistance from the front surface of door 1080 to the back surface ofcabinet back 1050, and in some cases does not include front flange 1092,rear flange 1094, or air intake system 1052. Enclosure 1000 may alsoinclude a top support or structural angle that can be adjusted or movedto any desired position between front 1040 and back 1050. In a preferredembodiment, the top support is fixed, and not adjustable.

Enclosure 1000 also includes an air exhaust system 1022, one or morefiber optic cable and/or power input points of entry 1024, each disposedtoward top 1020 of cabinet 1010. In a preferred embodiment, POE 1024includes a metal tube. Air exhaust system 1022 can provide, for example,an air flow rate of 450 cubic feet per minute (CFM). For example, thesystem can include two DC fans providing 225 CFM each. In someembodiments, the system includes two P1751 DC fans, available fromPelonis Technologies, Inc. (Malvern, Pa.). In a preferred embodiment, asshown here, exhaust system 1022 can be disposed on a side of theenclosure 1000, for example the back side 1050.

FIGS. 11A-11C show transverse views of enclosure 1100 according toembodiments of the present invention. Telecommunications enclosure 1100includes a cabinet 1110 having a front 1140, a back 1150, and two sides1160. Cabinet 1110 defines an interior space 1170, and is coupled with adoor 1180 via a hinge assembly 1182. In some embodiments, hinge assembly1182 includes a hinge. In a preferred embodiment, the hinge assemblyincludes a sliding cantilever hinge. Such an assembly provides a slidingcantilever on which to place a pivot point, allowing for a desiredarticulation. Enclosure 1100 includes vertical mounting rails 1162 andchassis supports 1164 coupled with cabinet sides 1160. Door 1180 can besealed with cabinet front 1140 with a gasket 1184 that extends around adoor opening rim 1186. In some embodiments, gasket 1184 includes a knifeedge/copper finger stock gasketing. Relatedly, gasket 1184 can include adouble finger stock gasket. Enclosure gaskets such as gasket 1184 canprovide an air seal, an RFI seal, or any other suitable seal, forexample as specified in MIL-STD-188-125-1. Cabinet 1110 has a depth Dthat extends from cabinet front 1140 to cabinet back 1150, where depth Dis or does not exceed about 20 inches. A distance between the left dooropening rim 1186 (FIG. 11B) and the right door opening rim 1186 (FIG.11C) may be in a range of about 19 inches to about 22 inches. A depth ofrim 1186 can be about 1.125 inches. In a preferred embodiment, theenclosure does not include a gasket having a knife edge/copper fingerstock gasket or a double finger stock gasket.

FIGS. 12A-12C show a battery tray 1200 according to one embodiment ofthe present invention. As illustrated in top view FIG. 12A, tray 1200includes a platform 1210 and two mounts 1212. Platform width A is about20⅞ inches. Platform depth B is about 15½ inches. Distance C betweenplatform front 1210 a and mount 1212 is about 6⅛ inches. Mounts 1212 areconfigured to couple with mounting rails in an enclosure. Front viewFIG. 12B similarly illustrates platform 1210 and mounts 1212 of tray1200. Mounts 1212 include mount holes 1213 having a radius of about 3/16inch. Mount width D is about 23⅞ inches. Mounting hole width E is about22¼ inches. Tray height F is about 9 inches. Mount width G is about 1⅝inches. Mount hole spacing distance H is about 1¾ inches. Distance Ibetween platform bottom 1210 b and lower mount hole 1213 a is about 1inch. As shown in side view FIG. 12C, tray 1200 includes platform 1210,mount 1212, and front side panel 1220. Front side panel leading edgeheight 1220 a is about 1½ inches. Platform height K is about 1½ inches.Front side panel depth L is about 6⅛ inches. Battery tray 1200 canprovide advantages over some known trays that mount from the cabinetbottom, or that may not otherwise easily fit or mount into theenclosure.

FIGS. 13A-13E illustrate an enclosure system 1300 having a slidingcantilever hinge design according to embodiments of the presentinvention. As shown in the front isometric view provided by FIG. 13A,enclosure system 1300 includes a seismic brace 1310, a rack channel andspacer assembly 1320, a door 1330, a plurality of door clamps 1332, aplurality of power filters 1340, and a cantilever hinge assembly 1350.Cantilever hinge assembly 1350 includes a pin guide 1352 coupled withthe body 1305 of the enclosure, and a pin 1354 coupled with the door1330. As shown in the rear isometric view provided by FIG. 13B,enclosure system 1300 includes a seismic brace 1310, a door 1330, aplurality of door clamps 1332, a plurality of power filters 1340, acantilever hinge assembly 1350, an intake vent 1360, and an exhaust vent1362. Each cantilever hinge assembly 1350 includes a pin guide 1352coupled with the body 1305 of the enclosure, and a pin 1354 coupled withthe door 1330. FIG. 13C provides a partial side view (door open) of theenclosure system 1300. As seen here, the cantilever hinge assembly 1350includes a pin guide 1352 coupled with the body 1305 of the enclosure,and a pin 1354 coupled with the door 1330. FIG. 13D provides a top view(door open) of the enclosure system 1300. As seen here, the cantileverhinge assembly 1350 includes a pin guide 1352 coupled with the body 1305of the enclosure, and a pin 1354 coupled with the door 1330. Pin guide1352 includes a pin guide aperture 1356 that is adapted to receive pin1354. In use, pin 1354 is disposed within pin guide aperture 1356, andcan slide or translate laterally within the aperture. FIG. 13E providesa top view (door closed) of the enclosure system 1300. As seen here, thecantilever hinge assembly 1350 includes a pin guide 1352 coupled withthe body 1305 of the enclosure, and a pin 1354 coupled with the door1330. Pin guide 1352 includes a pin guide aperture 1356 that is adaptedto receive pin 1354. In use, pin 1354 is disposed within pin guideaperture 1356, and can slide or translate laterally within the aperture.

Enclosures according to embodiment of the present invention may includevarious accessories or features, including input and outputs such ascables and power cords, cutouts for connectors, LEDs, displays,ventilating slots, holes, or louvers in the top, back, or sides orprovisions for mounting exhaust fans or blowers. Enclosures may alsoinclude wire management accessories such as cable management panels,clips, and cableway covers. Typically, the enclosure is hardened and isdesigned to shield from electromagnetic or radiofrequency interference.For example, the enclosure cabinet can be constructed of steel, whichexhibits desirable shielding properties. Depending on the power levelinvolved, points of entry into the enclosure can be protected fromelectromagnetic pulse by using specially designed surge protectors.

Various testing protocols can be used to determine performancecharacteristics of an enclosure. For example, one testing protocolinvolves four suites of tests, including a heat testing dummy loadsuite, a heat testing functional equipment suite, a power systemverification test suite, and an NEBS™ testing (empty cabinet onlyincluding fans and passive power filters) suite. A heat testing (dummyload equipment configuration) suite can determine whether a cabinetprovides adequate or desired ventilation and temperature controlcharacteristics in typical and borderline operating environments. Anexemplary test involves simulating the heat production and power draw ofa 60 amp system. Normal operating environment conditions can be testedwithin various locations of the cabinet (e.g., top, middle, and bottom).The test can determine whether the temperature stays within acceptableoperating levels, and identify and measure any difference between theambient temperature outside the cabinet and the internal cabinettemperature. Fan failures can be tested to identify and measure anyeffect on the internal temperature and the length of time it takes toreach steady state relative to the ambient temperature outside thecabinet. Such tests can involve disabling one or both of the cabinetfans, or the chassis fan. Airflow obstruction of external air intakevents can be tested, to determine any effect an obstruction (e.g., 50%)would have on the internal cabinet temperature over time. HVAC systemfailures can be tested inside a thermal chamber to determine anyinsulating properties the cabinet provides under a range of typical toextreme conditions that would impact the relative difference betweenexternal and internal temperature.

A heat testing (15 amp functional equipment configuration) suite caninvolve a specific equipment configuration that draws approximately 15amps that is installed inside the cabinet. This suite can determinewhether the cabinet provides adequate ventilation and temperaturecontrol in typical, borderline, and extreme operating environments whenfully loaded with functioning equipment such as telecommunicationsequipment. This suite can also determine how the installed equipmentperforms in typical, borderline, and extreme operating environments. Thetest can determine whether the temperature stays within acceptableoperating levels, and identify and measure any difference between theambient temperature outside the cabinet and the internal cabinettemperature. Fan failures can be tested to identify and measure anyeffect on the internal temperature and the length of time it takes toreach steady state relative to the ambient temperature outside thecabinet. Such tests can involve disabling one or both of the cabinetfans, or the chassis fan. Airflow obstruction of external air intakevents can be tested, to determine any effect an obstruction (e.g., 50%)would have on the internal cabinet temperature over time. HVAC systemfailures can be tested inside a thermal chamber to determine anyinsulating properties the cabinet provides under a range of typical toextreme conditions, and the point at which the performance of theoperating equipment begins to degrade.

A power system verification (on specific equipment configuration) suitecan simulate a rapid site power failure to evaluate the operation of aconverter and batteries, simulate a site power return to evaluate theoperation of the converter, simulate a gradual drain of site batteriesto evaluate the operation of the converter and batteries (e.g., bygradually reducing the input voltage), and simulate a site power returnto evaluate the operation of the converter.

In a preferred embodiment, an enclosure meets the shielding requirementsof MIL-STD-188-125-1, and has outside dimensions that do not exceed 26″wide, 84″ tall, and 22⅜″ deep. These measurements include the door,exterior mounted power line filters, and top seismic bracing, but notdoor handles, latches, air intake vent(s), or bottom bracing. Theinternal clear space depth is 19″. The enclosure houses two batterystrings (282.4 lbs per string), one battery switch (20-30 lbs), andcombined functional electronic equipment (33 lbs). The enclosure has onefront door entry having an opening of 23.5″ to accommodate equipmentinstallation and maintenance, a knife edge/copper finger stock EM doorseal, and a hinge/latch/handle system that does not buckle, misalign, ordegrade over approx 20 year life span when reasonably maintained. Theenclosure also includes three shielded waveguide below cutoff fiberentry ports, located on the top of the cabinet, as far forward and tothe left as possible, and below the top seismic bracing bar. Theenclosure includes two shielded wave guide below cutoff air vents (andfan) that meet MIL-STD-188-125-1 requirements, are constructed ofmachined, steel material, ¾″ thick with ⅛ inch holes for air flow, andare circumferentially welded per MIL HDBK 423 to the cabinet surface.The enclosure further includes a bottom vent, sized at 7″×16″, andlocated 12″ off the floor centered on the back wall of the cabinet, aswell as a top vent with fan, sized 7″×16″, centered on the back wall,12″ down from top of cabinet. The enclosure includes two −48 VDC exhaustfans capable of exhausting 320 CFM. Each fan is provided with 6″ ofhookup wire for both positive and negative terminals, and has accessprovisions for maintenance. The enclosure includes internal rails forequipment mounting. There is one rail system per side, each having atapped front and back face. The forward rail face is located 8″ into thecabinet (usable space), 11″ from the back. The back rail face is located5″ from the front face. Opposite rails are located 21½″ apart. Rails aretapped ½″ (Typ) and 1¼ (Typ). Opposite mounting holes are be 22 5/16apart. Holes are punched in a straight, vertical line for ease ofequipment installation. Rails are strong enough to support zone 4activity. A power system for the enclosure includes two 30 Amp 48 VDC,HEMP shielded power line filters, each filter is externally mounted onthe top of the cabinet, removable for replacement and accessible formaintenance, includes two power inputs to accommodate two differentpower feeds (A/B) from site power, and is installed in accordance withMIL-HDBK 423 procedures. The power system also includes an external DCpower connection to filter input that has four (4) power cablesconnected to the dirty power inputs on both filters, a specific cabletype (#6 power cable (6 AWG, XHHW, Black, Copper, Stranded, 1 Conductor,600 Volt)), a specific cable length with approximately 4 feet of slackfrom the cabinet-delivered coiled. The cables enter the cabinet and arebonded to the power terminals of the “dirty” filter compartment. Thepower system further includes an internal power connection for filteroutput that has a prewired cable from filter output (which terminatesinside the cabinet) that is run through a MIL-STD-188-125-1 compliantthreaded and gasketed pipe nipple from the “clean” compartment of thepower filter into the cabinet. The internal power connection also has aspecific cable type (#10 power cable) and a specific cable length with 5feet of slack delivered coiled. What is more, the power system includesgrounding that has a rectangular grounding strip (as opposed to a post),which is roughly 1″ long, 2″ wide and ½″ thick. It is drilled with two ¼inch holes (tapped for National Course-⅝″ apart center to center), andis welded to the top rear of the cabinet. All items supporting powerentry into and exit out of the filter are provided and pre-installed bythe enclosure manufacturer. On-site power work involves “butt splicing”site power cables to the #6 cable protruding from the filter (workoutside the cabinet) and terminating the #10 power cable to the batterydisconnect which feeds power to the distribution panel for the rest ofthe equipment (work inside the cabinet). The enclosure also includes abase mounting/support that has two solid flanges welded to the front andback of the cabinet, both running the entire width (26″). The supportmeets Zone 4 stress requirements, has elongated holes in each corner toaccommodate floor anchoring bolts. The flanges are narrow but are stillable to accommodate installation of anchoring screws. The enclosure alsoincludes a top seismic support, which has an auxiliary seismic barstructurally connected to the top of the cabinet to meet zone 4requirements. The support runs parallel to the front and back, andincludes (3) holes, three inches apart, tapped for ⅝″ threaded rod. Thesupport accommodates the power line filters and fiber POE mounted on thetop of the cabinet. The enclosure batteries sit on two custom made trays(one on top of the other) at the bottom of the cabinet.

Acceptance testing of an enclosure can encompass a ShieldingEffectiveness (SE) testing as well as E1 and E2 Pulse Current Injection(PCI) tests. The SE and PCI testing can be performed in accordance withMIL STD 188-125-1 Appendices A and B, respectively.

Acceptance Testing of Cabinet—Requirements Met

In a first test example of an enclosure according to a preferredembodiment of the present invention, the cabinet shielding effectivenessof the enclosure exceeded the magnetic field (H) and electric field (E)performance requirements of the MIL-STD. The filters passed both E1 andE2 pulse current injection testing. The cabinet measured 84″ tall×26″wide×20″ deep. The cabinet included two vertical supports on the leftand right interior for mounting rack equipment. Two HEMP hardened filterboxes were mounted on the top exterior of the cabinet. For the SE testsetup, free-space field maps for horizontal and vertical illumination ofthe cabinet door and sides as well as the roof were made with transmitand receive antennas separated by 1.6 m. The field maps were made withonly the ground (earth) present. No metallic objects were nearby. Forhorizontal illumination of the sides of the cabinet, the receive antennawere rotated at 45 degrees relative to the transmit antenna in order toaccount for the receive antenna space limitations inside the cabinetunder test. The field map for this horizontal configuration includedthis 45 degree rotation between transmit and receive antennas. Forvertical illumination of the sides of the cabinet, the antennas werealigned as is specified in the MIL STD. No rotation off nominal antennaalignment was needed to accommodate fitting the receive antennas insidethe cabinet. The field map was performed with the antennas aligned in anup and down configuration wherein the receive antennas were closest tothe ground (earth), and the transmit antennas were above, and 1.6 metersaway from, the receive antennas. This matched the antenna configurationused to test the roof of the cabinet. The SE measurement was made bysubtracting the signal measured on the receive antennas inside thecabinet from the appropriate field map. The result, expressed in DB, isthe Shielding Effectiveness. Magnetic field SE was measured from 10 kHzto 20 MHz. Electric field SE was measured from 20 MHz to 1 GHz. Adetermination of the system measurement range can be made based on thefield maps and a noise floor measurement inside the cabinet. Themeasurement range can provide an upper bound on the shieldingeffectiveness that can be measured. FIG. 14 shows the three measurementranges of the system for the three SE tests. Line 1400 represents theMIL-STD specification. This figure provides data for horizontal rotated45 degree, vertical, and roof SE measurements for 1.6 on separation.

A fiber optic based broadband analog receiver can be used inside thecabinet to transmit the signal from the receive antennas back to anetwork analyzer where it is subsequently digitized and processed viacomputer. The cabinet can be equipped with a commercial fiber opticfeedthrough consisting of a large cylindrical hole in the center of thefeedthrough surrounded by a ring of smaller holes in which the fiber isplaced in some current systems. It has been discovered that the diameterof the fiber is often too large to be installed properly in the smallerholes of the feedthrough. Instead, the center plug of the feedthroughcan be left out, and RF gasketing material can be placed around thefiber and filling the feedthrough hole. This plug can effectivelyreproduce the electrical performance of the original center plug. Thisconfiguration was maintained throughout SE and PCI testing.

A total of 10 shielding effectiveness measurements of the cabinet werecompleted. The cabinet SE performance was found to exceed therequirements of MIL-STD-188-125-1 for all measurements. FIGS. 15A, 15B,15C, and 15D show the horizontal and vertical SE for the cabinet door,left side, rear, and right side respectively (referenced when facing thedoor of the cabinet). In FIG. 15A, which shows horizontal and verticalSE measured on the cabinet door, line 1500 a representsMIL-STD-188-125-1, line 1510 a represents the horizontal SE, and line1520 a represents the vertical SE. In FIG. 15B, which shows horizontaland vertical SE measured on the cabinet left side, line 1500 brepresents MIL-STD-188-125-1, line 1510 b represents the horizontal SE,and line 1520 b represents the vertical SE. In FIG. 15C, which showshorizontal and vertical SE measured on the cabinet rear, line 1500 crepresents MIL-STD-188-125-1, line 1510 c represents the horizontal SE,and line 1520 c represents the vertical SE. In FIG. 15D, which showshorizontal and vertical SE measured on the cabinet right side, line 1500d represents MIL-STD-188-125-1, line 1510 d represents the horizontalSE, and line 1520 d represents the vertical SE. FIG. 15E shows the twoorthogonal SE measurements of the roof. Line 1500 e representsMIL-STD-188-125-1, line 1510 e represents the roof 1 SE, and line 1520 erepresents the roof 2 SE. For the SE measurements shown in FIGS.15A-15E, the data from a few MHz to 1 GHz is at or near the limit of themeasurement range of the test system (shown in FIG. 14). Hence, theactual SE of the cabinet in this frequency range is equal to or greaterthan that shown in the data.

The filter PCI setup for this preferred enclosure cabinet embodimentincludes four MPE DS33332C 250V 32 A HEMP protection filters. Eachfilter has an EPCOS B60K275 Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) surge arresterprotecting the front end. Pulse current injection (PCI) testing of thefour filters involved injecting the filters/MOVs with the E1 and E2current waveforms specified in MIL STD 188-125-1, and measuring theresidual current waveform at the filter outputs into a dummy load as perAppendix B of the MIL STD. All PCI testing of the filters/MOVs wasperformed with no AC applied. Four drive current levels were used forboth E1 and E2, with the fourth level being the full threat leveldictated by the MIL-STD. For E1, the drive levels were approximately 70A, 400 A, 1000 A, and 2500 A. For E2, the drive levels wereapproximately 3 A, 40 A, 100 A, and 250 A. Wire-to-ground tests wereperformed on the filters, and the filters were tested one at a time. Thelocal ground on the input of the filter was used as the low sidereference for the E1 and E2 pulse generators. For E1 testing the outputof the filter under test was terminated in 2 Ohms to the cabinet itself.For E2 testing the output of the filter under test was terminated in 50Ohms to the cabinet itself. This termination occurred inside thecabinet.

The residual output current into the 2 or 50 ohm load of the filter wasmeasured using a Pearson inductive current probe, and the resultingvoltage waveform out of the current probe was transmitted back tooscilloscopes for digitizing. For the E-1 PCI, this residual currentprobe signal was transmitted back via an analog fiber link; for the E-2PCI, this signal was transmitted directly over coaxial cable. The drivesignal for the E-1 PCI was measured with a derivative current probe(I-dot) which was transmitted back to the oscilloscope over an analogfiber optic link. The drive signal for the E-2 PCI was measured with acurrent probe which was transmitted back to the oscilloscope directlyover coaxial cable. The digitized current signals (drive and residual)from the oscilloscope were corrected by the computer for effects of thecurrent probe, fiber optic link, and any fixed attenuators used. Theresulting time domain waveforms, corrected for instrumentation effects,are described below via an analog fiber link. A pulser can be connectedto one of the two filters for testing at the 2500 amp E1 level.

The filter PCI test results can be described as follows. The filtersunder test are referenced from the front to rear relative to the door ofthe cabinet. Therefore, FF1 corresponds to the front filter, L1, FF2corresponds to the front filter, L2, FR1 corresponds to the rear filter,L1, and FR2 corresponds to the rear filter, L2. In terms of surgearrester testing, standard testing procedures have the surge arrestorprotecting input to the filter tested before and after PCI to ensure nodamage to the device has occurred. The EPCOS MOV surge arresters on eachfilter were tested using a Bourns Model 4010-01 Surge Protector TestSet. This tester supplies a triangular voltage waveform with a rate ofrise of 200V per second and a peak voltage of 1000V. When 1 mA ofcurrent flow is detected, the tester reports the voltage at which thisoccurs. Problems with the tester precluded its use for pre-testmeasurements, but post-test measurements were completed successfully. Toobtain a representative pre-test evaluation, a set of 4 identical MOV'swas purchased and tested. The data from the untested sample andpost-test results for the installed MOV's are shown in Table 2 below(EPCOS surge arrester pre-test and post-test performance).

TABLE 2 Surge Pre-Test Measurement Post-Test Arrester (untested sample)Measurement FR1 441 V 446 V FR2 442 V 442 V FF1 445 V 441 V FF2 442 V449 V

In terms of E1 test results, the MIL STD 188-125-1 specified E1 risetimeand Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) values are <20 ns and 500-550 ns intoa short circuit. FIG. 16 shows the drive current waveform into a shortcircuit. This waveform has a peak current of 3000 A. When driving theactual cabinet filter/MOV combination, the delivered peak current wastypically 2500-2600 amps (spec is 2500 amps).

Mil-Std 188-125-1 residual current requirements are: less than 10 A forpeak current, less than 1.0e+07 for peak rate of rise, and less than1.6e−01 for root action. The MIL STD requires that all 3 of the norms bemet. FIG. 17 shows the residuals measured on each of the four filtersfor the peak 2500 A drive currents. Line 1700 represents FR2, line 1710represents FF2, line 1720 represents FF1, and line 1730 represents FR1.Table 3 shows that, for this preferred cabinet embodiment, the 4 filtersmet the required norms for each residual (E1 residual norms for 2500 Adrive).

TABLE 3 Peak Drive Peak Current Peak Rate of Root Action Filter Current(A) (A) Root Action (A/s) (A sqrt(s)) FR1 2500 A 5.56 8.05e+06 4.76e−02FR2 2500 A 6.45 8.02e+06 3.39e−02 FF1 2500 A 5.78 4.57e+06 4.69e−02 FF22500 A 7.99 5.68e+06 6.49e−02

In terms of E2 test results, the MIL STD 188-125-1 specified E2 risetimeand Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) values are <1 μs and 3 to 5 ms. Itmay be difficult to completely capture properly a waveform with such afast risetime compared to its width on digital oscilloscope. FIGS. 18and 19 show the details of the E2 risetime and entire waveform into ashort circuit. FIG. 18 shows the risetime of E2 current pulse into shortcircuit. FIG. 19 shows the entire E2 current waveform into shortcircuit.

Because MIL-STD-188-125-1 does not contain an explicit residualrequirement for E2 current injection, the pass/fail criteria used foracceptance testing in one embodiment is that there be no damage or upsetto the filter and its front end surge arrester. The four filters on thispreferred cabinet embodiment met the pass requirements for E2 currentinjection. FIG. 20 shows the four recorded E2 residuals. Line 2000represents FR2, line 2010 represents FF2, line 2020 represents FF1, andline 2030 represents FR1. The DSO sweep speed used for the figure waspicked to allow a proper capture of the risetime and waveform peak, butonly part of the waveform decay.

In sum, this preferred cabinet embodiment passed the MIL-STD-188-125-1Appendix A and B Acceptance testing. Appendix A testing includedhorizontal and vertical measurements of shielding effectiveness on allfour sides and the roof of the cabinet. Appendix B testing included E1and E2 current waveforms injected into the filters at increasingamplitudes up to and including the 2500 A threat level forwire-to-ground for E1 and 250 A for E2.

Acceptance Testing of Cabinet—Requirements Not Met

The following description provides test results for a cabinet that didnot meet certain accepting testing requirements. Testing included theShielding Effectiveness (SE) as well as E1 and E2 Pulse CurrentInjection (PCI) tests. The SE and PCI testing were performed inaccordance with MIL STD 188-125-1 Appendices A and B, respectively. Thecabinet initially failed horizontal SE testing on all four sides. Also,both orthogonal SE measurements of the roof failed. An examination ofthe cabinet found that the door hinges were out of position. After thedoor was repositioned, the left side of the cabinet was re-tested. Thehorizontal SE was found to pass with only a few dB of margin. No furtherre-testing was performed. The filters passed both E1 and E2 pulsecurrent injection testing.

The cabinet measured 84″ tall×26″ wide×20″ deep. The cabinet includedtwo vertical supports on the left and right interior for mounting rackequipment. There were two HEMP hardened filter boxes mounted on the topexterior of the cabinet, each containing two filters. The HEMP hardenedside of these boxes feed directly into the cabinet. The cabinet includeda hole drilled through it at the lower right corner of the cabinet leftside. This hole had been installed to accommodate an RF-feedthrough usedin testing prior to DTRA receiving the cabinet. This hole was sealedusing two flat washers, two RF gaskets, and a nut and bolt. The gasketwas placed on either side of the cabinet wall, covered with the washers,and tightened down with the nut and bolt.

For the SE test setup, free-space field maps for horizontal and verticalillumination of the cabinet door and sides as well as the roof were madewith transmit and receive antennas separated by 1.6 m. These field mapswere made with only the ground (earth) present—no metallic objects werenearby. For horizontal illumination of the sides of the cabinet, thereceive antenna needed to be rotated at 45 degrees relative to thetransmit antenna in order to account for the receive antenna spacelimitations inside the cabinet under test. The field map for thishorizontal configuration included this 45 degree rotation betweentransmit and receive antennas. For vertical illumination of the sides ofthe cabinet, the antennas were aligned as is specified in the MIL STD.No rotation off nominal antenna alignment was needed to accommodatefitting the receive antennas inside the cabinet. For the illumination ofthe roof of the cabinet, no rotation of the antennas was required. Thefield map, however, was performed with the antennas aligned in an up anddown configuration wherein the receive antennas were closest to theground (earth), and the transmit antennas were above, and 1.6 metersaway from, the receive antennas. This matched the antenna configurationused to test the roof of the cabinet. An SE measurement was made bysubtracting the signal measured on the receive antennas inside thecabinet from the appropriate field map. The result, expressed in DB isthe Shielding Effectiveness. Magnetic field SE was measured from 10 kHzto 20 MHz. Electric field SE was measured from 20 MHz to 1 GHz. Usingthese field maps, and using a noise floor measurement inside thecabinet, a determination of the system measurement range can be made.This measurement range provides an upper bound on the shieldingeffectiveness that can be measured. FIG. 21 shows the three measurementranges of the DTRA system for the three SE tests (horizontal rotated 45degrees, vertical and roof SE measurement ranges for 1.6 m separation).Line 2100 represents the MIL-STD specification.

A fiber optic based broadband analog receiver is used inside the cabinetto transmit the signal from the receive antennas back to a networkanalyzer where it is subsequently digitized and processed via computer.The cabinet was equipped with a commercial fiber optic feedthroughconsisting of a large cylindrical hole in the center of the feedthroughsurrounded by a ring of smaller holes in which the fiber is currentlyplaced in some systems. The diameter of the fiber was found to be toolarge to be installed properly in the smaller holes of the feedthroughand still allow the center plug to be completely installed. Instead, thecenter plug of the feed through was inserted as far as possible, and RFgasketing material was placed around the fiber and filling the rest ofthe feedthrough hole. A metal cap was fabricated and installed whichfurther capped these holes on the exterior of the cabinet. This plugeffectively reproduced the electrical performance of the original centerplug. This configuration was maintained throughout SE and PCI testing.

In terms of SE test results, during initial SE testing of this cabinet,the horizontal SE measurements were found to fail at the high frequencyend of the test spectrum for all four sides. An examination of thecabinet found that the hinges holding the door on the cabinet had workedloose. Eight shielding effectiveness measurements of this cabinet werecompleted on the four sides, four horizontal and vertical, as well asthe two orthogonal measurements of the roof, prior to correcting thehinge problem. After correction, a horizontal SE measurement of the leftside of the cabinet was repeated, and the cabinet was found to pass withonly a few dB of margin. No other SE re-tests were performed.

FIGS. 22A, 22B, 22C, and 22D show the horizontal and vertical SE for thecabinet door, left side, rear, and right side respectively, before thedoor was repaired. In FIG. 22A, which shows horizontal and vertical SEmeasured on the cabinet door, line 2200 a represents MIL-STD-188-125-1,line 2210 a represents the horizontal SE, and line 2220 a represents thevertical SE. In FIG. 22B, which shows horizontal and vertical SEmeasured on the cabinet left side, line 2200 b representsMIL-STD-188-125-1, line 2210 b represents the horizontal SE, and line2220 b represents the vertical SE. In FIG. 22C, which shows horizontaland vertical SE measured on the cabinet rear, line 2200 c representsMIL-STD-188-125-1, line 2210 c represents the horizontal SE, and line2220 c represents the vertical SE. In FIG. 22D, which shows horizontaland vertical SE measured on the cabinet right side, line 2200 drepresents MIL-STD-188-125-1, line 2210 d represents the horizontal SE,and line 2220 d represents the vertical SE. FIG. 22E shows the twoorthogonal SE measurements of the roof. Line 2200 e representsMIL-STD-188-125-1, line 2210 e represents the roof 1 SE, and line 2220 erepresents the roof 2 SE. Some of the SE measurements at the higherfrequencies, as shown in FIGS. 22A-22E, can be seen to be essentially atthe limit of the measurement range of the test system (shown in FIG.21). This means that the actual SE of the cabinet at these frequenciesis equal to or greater than that shown in the data.

After completion of the original SE test measurement set, the door wasrealigned on the cabinet. Testing was performed on the cabinet with therepaired door. The left side of the cabinet was chosen for re-test sincein the original data this side represented the worst failure. FIG. 23shows the results of the post-door fix horizontal SE measurement. Line2300 represents MIL-STD-188-125-1, and line 2310 represents thehorizontal SE. As can be seen when compared to FIG. 22B there isimprovement in SE across the entire frequency test range.

For the filter PCI test setup, this cabinet has four MPE DS33332C 250V32 A HEMP protection filters. Each filter has an EPCOS 1360K275 MetalOxide Varistor (MOV) surge arrester protecting the front end. Pulsecurrent injection (PCI) testing of the four filters involved injectingthe filters/MOVs with the E1 and E2 current waveforms specified in MILSTD 188-125-1, and measuring the residual current waveform at the filteroutputs into a dummy load as per Appendix B of the MIL STD. All PCItesting of the filters/MOVs was performed with no AC applied. Four drivecurrent levels were used for both E1 and E2, with the fourth level beingthe full threat level dictated by the MIL-STD. For E1, the drive levelswere approximately 70 A, 400 A, 1000 A, and 2500 A. For E2, the drivelevels were approximately 3 A, 40 A, 100 A, and 250 A. Onlywire-to-ground tests were performed on the filters, and the filters weretested one at a time. The local ground on the input of the filter wasused as the low side reference for the E1 and E2 pulse generators. ForE1 testing each filter was terminated in 2 Ohms to the cabinet itself.For E2 testing each filter was terminated in 50 Ohms, also to thecabinet itself. This termination occurs inside the cabinet. The residualoutput current into the 2 or 50 ohm load of the filter was measuredusing a Pearson inductive current probe, and the resulting voltagewaveform out of the current probe was transmitted back to oscilloscopesfor digitizing. For the E-1 PCI, this residual current probe signal wastransmitted back via an analog fiber link; for the E-2 PCI, this signalwas transmitted directly over coaxial cable. The drive signal for theE-1 PCI was measured with a derivative current probe (I-dot) which wastransmitted back to the oscilloscope over an analog fiber optic link.The drive signal for the E-2 PCI was measured with a current probe whichwas transmitted back to the oscilloscope directly over coaxial cable.The digitized current signals (drive and residual) from the oscilloscopewere corrected by the computer for effects of the current probe, fiberoptic link, and any fixed attenuators used. The resulting time domainwaveforms, corrected for instrumentation effects, are shown in Section6.1., via an analog fiber link. FIG. 11 below shows the pulser connectedto one of the two filters for testing.

In terms of the filter PCI test results, the filters under test arereferenced from the left to right relative to the door of the cabinet.Therefore, FLU corresponds to the left filter, L1, FLL2 corresponds tothe left filter, L2, FRL1 corresponds to the right filter, L1, and FRL2corresponds to the right filter, L2. For the surge arrester testing,standard testing procedures have the surge arrestor protecting the inputto the filter tested before and after PCI to ensure no damage to thedevice has occurred. The EPCOS MOV surge arresters on each filter weretested using a Bourns Model 4010-01 Surge Protector Test Set. Thistester supplies a triangular voltage waveform with a rate of rise of200V per second and a peak voltage of 1000V. When 1 mA of current flowis detected, the tester reports the voltage at which this occurs. These4 MOVs were tested before injection of the E-2 pulses and again afterinjection of the E-1 pulses. For comparison, a set of 4 identical MOV iswas purchased and tested for their breakdown voltage (these MOVs werenot pulsed). The data from the unpulsed samples, the pre-E2 testresults, and post E-2 test results for the installed. MOV's are shown inTable 4 below (EPCOS surge arrester pre-test and post-test performancecompared to untested MOVs).

TABLE 4 Surge Pre-Test Measurement Pre-E2 Test Post-E2 Test Arrester(untested sample) Measurement Measurement FLL1 441 V 438 V 446 V FLL2442 V 433 V 440 V FRL1 445 V 440 V 446 V FRL2 442 V 422 V 428 V

For the E1 test results, the MIL STD 188-125-1 specified E1 risetime andFull Width Half Maximum (FWHM) values are <20 ns and 500-550 ns into ashort circuit. FIG. 24 shows the E1 drive current waveform into a shortcircuit. This waveform has a peak current of 3000 A. When driving theactual filter/MOV combination of this cabinet, the delivered peakcurrent was typically 2500-2600 amps (spec is 2500 amps).MIL-STD-188-125-1 residual current requirements are: less than 10 A peakcurrent, less than 1.0e+07 for peak rate of rise, and less than 1.6e−01for root action. The MIL STD requires that all 3 of the norms be met.FIG. 24 shows the residuals measured on each of the four filters for thepeak 2500 A drive currents. Table 5 shows that all 4 filters met all ofthe required norms for each residual. FIG. 25 shows the residualsmeasured on each of the four filters for the peak 2500 A drive currents.Line 2500 represents FRL2, line 2510 represents FLL2, line 2520represents FRL1, and line 2530 represents FLL1. Table 5 shows the normsfor each residual (E1 residual norms for 2500 A drive). The specrequirements are less than 10 A for peak current, less than 1.0e+07 forpeak rate of rise, and less than 1.6e−01 for root action.

TABLE 5 Peak Drive Peak Peak Rate of Rise Root Action Filter Current (A)Current (A) (A/s) (A sqrt(s)) FLL1 2500 A 2.49 9.63e+05 5.44e−02 FLL22500 A 2.35 1.13e+06 3.40e−02 FRL1 2500 A 2.36 1.16e+06 5.25e−02 FRL22500 A 2.12 1.40e+06 4.53e−02

For the E2 test results, the MIL STD 188-125-1 specified E2 risetime andFull Width Half Maximum (FWHM) values are <1 μs and 3 to 5 ms. It may bedifficult to completely capture properly a waveform with such a fastrisetime compared to its width on digital oscilloscope. FIGS. 26 and 27show the details of the E2 risetime and entire waveform into a shortcircuit. FIG. 26 shows the risetime of E2 current pulse into shortcircuit. FIG. 27 shows the entire E2 current waveform into shortcircuit.

Because MIL-STD-188-125-1 does not contain an explicit residualrequirement for E2 current injection, the pass/fail criteria used foracceptance testing in one embodiment is that there be no damage or upsetto the filter and its front end surge arrester. The four filters on thiscabinet met the pass requirements for E2 current injection. FIG. 28shows the four recorded E2 residuals (for 250 A drive). The DSO sweepspeed used for the figure was picked to allow a proper capture of therisetime and waveform peak, but only part of the waveform decay. Line2800 represents FRL2, line 2810 represents FRL1, line 2820 representsFLL2, and line 2830 represents FLL1.

In sum, this cabinet only marginally meets the performance requirementsof MIL STD-188-125-1. As delivered, the cabinet failed the shieldingeffectiveness tests at the high end of the frequency band. Withadjustment to the door, the worst SE measurement was repeated and foundto barely meet the requirements of the standard. The filters met the PCIrequirements of the standard, but due to the residual acceptance may notbe warranted. The root cause of the failure of the cabinet seems toreside with the design of the door and its method of attachment to thecabinet. Without significant redesign of the RF contact around the doorit may not be possible for this design to deliver a −20 dB or greatermargin above the specification.

DP Model

FIGS. 29A-29C illustrate various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure 2900 according to embodiments of thepresent invention. Telecommunications enclosure 2900 includes a cabinet2910 having a top 2920, a bottom 2930, a front 2940, a back 2950, andtwo sides 2960. Cabinet 2910 defines an interior space 2970, and iscoupled with a door 2980 via a hinge assembly 2982. When door 2980 isclosed, it can be securely fastened to cabinet 2910 with latch assembly2984. Typically, door 2980 is wide enough to accommodate installationand routine maintenance of equipment housed in cabinet 2910, and robustenough to provide adequate shielding. Enclosure 2900 also includes anair exhaust system 2922 disposed toward back 2950 of cabinet 2910.Exhaust system 2922 may include, for example, six fans located towardcabinet top 2920 and accessible for maintenance and repair. As shown inFIGS. 29B and 29C, exhaust system 2922 can vent out the back of thecabinet. In some embodiments, exhaust system 2922 vents out the back ofthe cabinet, toward the top. Enclosure 2900 includes rack componentssuch as vertical mounting rails or tapped mounting angles 2962 andchassis supports 2964 coupled with cabinet sides 2960. Enclosure 2900may also include an air intake system 2952, a power filter system 2954,a fiber optic cable point of entry (POE) 2924, and a power input pointof entry (not shown), each coupled with back 2950, side 2960, or top2920 of cabinet 2910. In some embodiments, interior cables from a filtersystem are clean and exterior cables from a filter system are dirty. Insome cases, power filter system 2954 is configured to deliver 30 ampsinto the cabinet.

Enclosure 2900 or component parts thereof are typically configured tocertain specifications or dimensions. For example, the enclosure can beconfigured for installation in a standard telecommunications room orspace, such that the dimensions of the enclosure do not exceed certainlimits. In some cases, enclosure 2900 can be manufactured not to exceeda volume or space of about 26″ width by about 38″ depth by about 84″height. This may include the frame or relay rack size, including panelcovers. The enclosure can include two vertical mounting rails on eachside. This particular configuration is useful for enclosures that holdtelecommunications equipment. Enclosures that hold computer servers mayprovide a different mounting rail configuration. The rails can bemanufactured from 12 Gauge steel, and can include holes which may betapped according to an American National Standard. For example, in someembodiments, the rails are tapped with 12-24 National Coarse (NC) holesalong their entire length or one or more portions thereof. The holes maybe punched so that they are aligned in a straight vertical line, whichcan allow for ease of telecommunications equipment installation. In somecases, enclosure elements such as the vertical mounting rails areconfigured to meet or exceed seismic standards. For example, the railscan be manufactured to meet a Zone 4 seismic specification. Typically acabinet includes four vertical mounting rails. Embodiments of thepresent invention include enclosures and component elements thereof thatare constructed according to certain procedures or standardspecifications such as MIL-HDBK-423. In some embodiments, enclosure 2900is configured for placement in a hut or prefabricated building locatedalong a telecommunications backbone, at least part of which may be neara railroad grid or right-of-way.

Enclosure 2900 can define an electromagnetic barrier, so as to preventor limit HEMP fields and conducted transients from entering the enclosedspace. In some cases, enclosure 2900 complies with minimum requirementsor design objects as set forth in certain standards, such asMIL-STD-188-125-1 (including Appendices), which is a standard forhigh-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) protection for ground-basedfacilities performing critical, time-urgent missions. For example,embodiments of the present invention encompass enclosures and componentparts that provide at least about 80 dB attenuation at 1 GHz. In someembodiments, enclosures and component parts provide at least about 100dB attenuation at 1 GHz. Enclosure 2900 and components thereof can alsocomply with safety, spatial and environmental design guidelines appliedto telecommunications equipment, such as NEBS™. Similarly, enclosure2900 and components thereof can comply with documents such as TelcordiaTechnologies GR-63-CORE and GR-1089-CORE, as well as related standardsrequired by or developed by organizations such as FCC, CISPR, IEC, IEEE,ASTM, ANSI, and ETSI. The fiber optic cable point of entry can include ashielded wave guide, and in some cases is located on the top of theenclosure, toward the front, so as to allow for ease of internal cablemanagement. In some cases, an air intake system includes a shieldedpassive vent, which may be constructed of machined, steel honeycomb. Thevent can be circumferentially welded to a mounting surface or cabinetsurface according to a procedure or standard specification such asMIL-HDBK-423.

Enclosure 2900 is well suited for use in TEMPEST applications forinhibiting or reducing compromising emanations or other unintentionalintelligence-bearing signals that may be transmitted by or received fromcomponents contained within the enclosure. Such emanations or radiationcan include electrical, mechanical, or acoustical energy signals.

DW Model

FIGS. 30A-30C illustrate various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure 3000 according to embodiments of thepresent invention. Telecommunications enclosure 3000 includes a cabinet3010 having a top 3020, a bottom 3030, a front 3040, a back 3050, andtwo sides 3060. Cabinet 3010 defines an interior space 3070, and iscoupled with a right door 3080R via a right hinge assembly 3082R and aleft door 3080L via a left hinge assembly 3082L. When doors 3080R, 3080Lare closed, they can be securely fastened to cabinet 3010 with latchassemblies 3084R, 3084L, respectively. Typically, doors 3080R, 3080L arewide enough to accommodate installation and routine maintenance ofequipment housed in cabinet 3010, and robust enough to provide adequateshielding. Enclosure 3000 also includes air exhaust systems 3022R and3022L disposed toward back 3050 of cabinet 3010. Exhaust systems 3022R,3022L may each include, for example, six fans located toward cabinet top3020 and accessible for maintenance and repair. In some cases, exhaustsystems 3022R, 3022L vent out the back of the cabinet. In some cases,the enclosure may include exhaust systems 3023L that vent out the top ofthe cabinet. Optionally, exhaust systems 3022R, 3022L vent out the backof the cabinet, toward the top. Enclosure 3000 includes rack componentssuch as vertical mounting rails or tapped mounting angles 3062 andchassis supports coupled with cabinet sides 3060. Enclosure 3000 alsoincludes air intake systems 3052R, 3052L, a power filter system 3054, afiber optic cable point of entry (POE) 3024, and a power input point ofentry (POE) 3026, each coupled with back 3050, side 3060, or top 3020 ofcabinet 3010. In some embodiments, interior cables from a filter systemare clean and exterior cables from a filter system are dirty. In somecases, power filter system 3054 includes redundant components. In somecases, power filter system 3054 includes one or more DC circuits.

Enclosure system 3000 may include an ox bar support or seismic brace3009 coupled with an upper portion of the cabinet. Such seismic bracescan be coupled with a ceiling of a building or other structure, and canhelp to stabilize the enclosure in the event of an earthquake. As shownhere, enclosure system 3000 may also include a side floor brace 3011,which can similarly be useful in stabilizing the enclosure. Enclosure3000 can also include a finger stock that engages the door. For example,enclosure cabinet 3010 can include a knife edge finger stock 3081Ldisposed around a left door opening 3012 of the cabinet, such that door3080L fits against the finger stock when the door is in a closedconfiguration. Although the cabinet may include two doors or two dooropenings, in some cases left-side interior and the right-side interiorof the cabinet will be open toward one another. For example, there mayor may not be a middle wall or partition separating the two sides of theinterior space 3070. Enclosure system 3000 may include a site ground3053, which can operate to ground the cabinet or enclosure system. Insome cases, power filter system 3054 is configured to deliver ortransmit 100 amps into the cabinet.

Enclosure 3000 or component parts thereof are typically configured tocertain specifications or dimensions. For example, the enclosure can beconfigured for installation in a standard telecommunications room orspace, such that the dimensions of the enclosure do not exceed certainlimits. In some cases, enclosure 3000 can be manufactured not to exceeda volume or space of about 65″ width by about 30″ depth by about 84″height. This may include the frame or relay rack size, including panelcovers. The enclosure can include two vertical mounting rails on eachside. This particular configuration is useful for enclosures that holdtelecommunications equipment. Enclosures that hold computer servers mayprovide a different mounting rail configuration. The rails can bemanufactured from 12 Gauge steel, and can include holes which may betapped according to an American National Standard. For example, in someembodiments, the rails are tapped with 12-24 National Coarse (NC) holesalong their entire length or one or more portions thereof. The holes maybe punched so that they are aligned in a straight vertical line, whichcan allow for ease of telecommunications equipment installation. In somecases, enclosure elements such as the vertical mounting rails areconfigured to meet or exceed seismic standards. For example, the railscan be manufactured to meet a Zone 4 seismic specification. Typically acabinet includes four vertical mounting rails. Embodiments of thepresent invention include enclosures and component elements thereof thatare constructed according to certain procedures or standardspecifications such as MIL-HDBK-423. In some embodiments, enclosure 3000is configured for placement in a hut or prefabricated building locatedalong a telecommunications backbone, at least part of which may be neara railroad grid or right-of-way.

Enclosure 3000 can define an electromagnetic barrier, so as to preventor limit HEMP fields and conducted transients from entering the enclosedspace. In some cases, enclosure 2900 complies with minimum requirementsor design objects as set forth in certain standards, such asMIL-STD-188-125-1 (including Appendices), which is a standard forhigh-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) protection for ground-basedfacilities performing critical, time-urgent missions. For example,embodiments of the present invention encompass enclosures and componentparts that provide at least about 80 dB attenuation at 1 GHz. In someembodiments, enclosures and component parts provide at least about 100dB attenuation at 1 GHz. Enclosure 3000 and components thereof can alsocomply with safety, spatial and environmental design guidelines appliedto telecommunications equipment, such as NEBS™. Similarly, enclosure3000 and components thereof can comply with documents such as TelcordiaTechnologies GR-63-CORE and GR-1089-CORE, as well as related standardsrequired by or developed by organizations such as FCC, CISPR, IEC, IEEE,ASTM, ANSI, and ETSI. The fiber optic cable point of entry can include ashielded wave guide, and in some cases is located on the top of theenclosure, toward the front, so as to allow for ease of internal cablemanagement. In some cases, an air intake system includes a shieldedpassive vent, which may be constructed of machined, steel honeycomb. Thevent can be circumferentially welded to a mounting surface or cabinetsurface according to a procedure or standard specification such asMIL-HDBK-423.

CS Model

FIGS. 31A-31C illustrate various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure 3100 according to embodiments of thepresent invention. Telecommunications enclosure 3100 includes a cabinet3110 having a top 3120, a bottom 3130, a front 3140, a back 3150, andtwo sides 3160. Cabinet 3110 defines an interior space 3170, and iscoupled with a door 3180 via a hinge assembly 3182. When door 3180 isclosed, it can be securely fastened to cabinet 3110 with latch assembly3184. Typically, door 3180 is wide enough to accommodate installationand routine maintenance of equipment housed in cabinet 3110, and robustenough to provide adequate shielding. Enclosure 3100 also includes anair exhaust system 3122 disposed toward back 3150 of cabinet 3110.Exhaust system 3122 may include, for example, two fans located towardcabinet top 3120 and accessible for maintenance and repair. In somecases, exhaust system 3122 vents out the back of the cabinet. In apreferred embodiment, exhaust system 3122 vents out the back of thecabinet, toward the top. Enclosure 3100 includes rack components such asvertical mounting rails or tapped mounting angles 3162 and chassissupports coupled with cabinet sides 3160. Enclosure 3100 also includesan air intake system 3152, a power filter system 3154, a fiber opticcable point of entry (POE) 3124, and a power input point of entry (POE)3126, each coupled with back 3150, sides 3160, or top 3120 of cabinet3110. In some embodiments, interior cables from a filter system areclean and exterior cables from a filter system are dirty. In some cases,power filter system 3154 is configured to deliver or transmit 30 ampsinto the cabinet. Optionally, the exhaust and intake assemblies can beswitched, so that air intake system 3152 is disposed toward the upperportion of the cabinet, and exhaust system 3122 is disposed toward thelower portion of the cabinet.

Enclosure 3100 or component parts thereof are typically configured tocertain specifications or dimensions. For example, the enclosure can beconfigured for installation in a standard telecommunications room orspace, such that the dimensions of the enclosure do not exceed certainlimits. In some cases, enclosure 3100 can be manufactured not to exceeda volume or space of about 26″ width by about 20¼″ depth by about 84″height. This may include the frame or relay rack size, including panelcovers. The enclosure can include two vertical mounting rails on eachside. This particular configuration is useful for enclosures that holdtelecommunications equipment. Enclosures that hold computer servers mayprovide a different mounting rail configuration. The rails can bemanufactured from 12 Gauge steel, and can include holes which may betapped according to an American National Standard. For example, in someembodiments, the rails are tapped with 12-24 National Coarse (NC) holesalong their entire length or one or more portions thereof. The holes maybe punched so that they are aligned in a straight vertical line, whichcan allow for ease of telecommunications equipment installation. In somecases, enclosure elements such as the vertical mounting rails areconfigured to meet or exceed seismic standards. For example, the railscan be manufactured to meet a Zone 4 seismic specification. Typically, acabinet includes four vertical mounting rails. Embodiments of thepresent invention include enclosures and component elements thereof thatare constructed according to certain procedures or standardspecifications such as MIL-HDBK-423. In some embodiments, enclosure 3100is configured for placement in a hut or prefabricated building locatedalong a telecommunications backbone, at least part of which may be neara railroad grid or right-of-way.

Enclosure 3100 can define an electromagnetic barrier, so as to preventor limit HEMP fields and conducted transients from entering the enclosedspace. In some cases, enclosure 3100 complies with minimum requirementsor design objects as set forth in certain standards, such asMIL-STD-188-125-1 (including Appendices), which is a standard forhigh-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) protection for ground-basedfacilities performing critical, time-urgent missions. For example,embodiments of the present invention encompass enclosures and componentparts that provide at least about 80 dB attenuation at 1 GHz. In someembodiments, enclosures and component parts provide at least about 100dB attenuation at 1 GHz. Enclosure 3100 and components thereof can alsocomply with safety, spatial and environmental design guidelines appliedto telecommunications equipment, such as NEBS™. Similarly, enclosure3100 and components thereof can comply with documents such as TelcordiaTechnologies GR-63-CORE and GR-1089-CORE, as well as related standardsrequired by or developed by organizations such as FCC, CISPR, IEC, IEEE,ASTM, ANSI, and ETSI. The fiber optic cable point of entry can include ashielded wave guide, and in some cases is located on the top of theenclosure, toward the front, so as to allow for ease of internal cablemanagement. In some cases, an air intake system includes a shieldedpassive vent, which may be constructed of machined, steel honeycomb. Thevent can be circumferentially welded to a mounting surface or cabinetsurface according to a procedure or standard specification such asMIL-HDBK-423.

Enclosure system 3100 can also include an alarm or door sensor assembly3101 that is configured to send an alarm signal to an alarm center 3105or control center, so as to provide an alert in the event ofunauthorized access to the cabinet enclosure. In some cases, door sensor3101 may transmit a signal to an automatic built-in test equipmentassembly 3113 that is configured to stop a radiation test in the eventthe door is opened. In some cases, enclosure system 3100 can include oneor more spools 3102 for storing or managing cabling. Optionally,enclosure system 3100 may include a DC/DC converter 3107 that separatesoutside or external site power from internal batteries. During normalusage, telecommunication equipment contained within the cabinet istypically powered by an external or site source. If the site power isinterrupted, for example due to an EMP event, then converter 3107 canfacilitate the delivery of battery power to the telecommunicationsequipment. Optionally, converter 3107 can facilitate the delivery ofsite power to the telecommunications equipment after site power isrestored. Hence, telecommunication equipment within the enclosure can beconfigured to be fed or powered by site power, as well as battery power.Converter 3107 can operate to isolate the enclosure from the site untilsite power is established. Converter 3107 can also operate to prevent orinhibit the transfer of power from the batteries to the site, so thatthe batteries do not feed or provide power to the site, thus preservingthe battery power for operational needs of the telecommunicationsequipment within the enclosure. In some cases, enclosure 3100 includes abattery disconnect 3108 that electronically disconnects batteries fromthe telecommunication components, so as to allow an operator ortechnician to service various aspects of the enclosure. As shown in FIG.31B, enclosure 3000 may also include power cables 3103 and a groundcable 3104.

FIG. 32 shows an exemplary Anderson plug assembly 3200 coupled with acabinet mounting rail assembly 3210 according to embodiments of thepresent invention. As depicted here, Anderson plug assembly 3200 caninclude a first plug 3202 coupleable with a second plug 3204. The plugassembly can be mounted on a vertical rail 3210 via an L-bracket orother mounting assembly 3230. The incorporation of Anderson plugassemblies into an enclosure system can allow for modular typemaintenance of the enclosure. For example, plug assemblies can be usedto isolate telecommunications equipment from a power source or othercomponents of an enclosure. Moreover, such plug assemblies enable atechnician or operator to quickly disconnect and swap outtelecommunication components or other electronic mechanisms within theenclosure during a maintenance procedure. In this way, the plugassemblies can facilitate a simplified approach to operationalmanagement of the enclosure.

FIG. 33 Shows a spool assembly 3300 according to embodiments of thepresent invention. Spool assembly 3300 may include an inner support 3310having one or more radially outward projecting tabs 3312, and an outersupport 3320 having one or more radially inward projecting tabs 3322. Asshown here, outer support 3320 is coupled with a sidewall 3360 of anenclosure cabinet. In use, a portion of a cable 3340 can be wrappedaround the inner support, and held in place by the outward and inwardprojecting tabs. Spool assembly 3300 allows a technician or operator tomanage fiber or cable slack within a cabinet. For example, extra cablingcan be wrapped around the spool.

FIG. 34 shows a hinge assembly 3400 of an enclosure according toembodiments of the present invention. The hinge assembly presents a lowprofile while accommodating a door and knife edge combination that issufficiently deep to provide HEMP protection. As shown here, hingeassembly 3400 includes a stile 3410, a pin 3420, and a leaf 3430. Doorhinge stile 3410 can have a tube length TL of about 3 inches and a tubewidth TW of about 1 inch. Stile 3410 can also have a cylinder outerdiameter OD of about 1.5 inches and a cylinder inner diameter of about0.5 inches. Hinge pin 3420 can have a length of about 5.225 inches andan outer diameter of about 0.5 inches. Door hinge leaf 3430 can includea shim 3232 having a length of about 8 inches and a width of about 4inches. Door hinge leaf 3430 can also include a support 3434 having amain section 3434 a, a central section 3434 b, and a cylinder section3434 c. Main section 3434 a has a length L of about 10 inches, a width Wof about 4 inches, and a thickness T of about 0.25 inches. Centralsection 3434 b can have a length of about 1 inch. As shown here, mainsection 3434 a and central section 3434 b can define an angle a of about40 degrees.

Enclosures disclosed herein are well suited for use in containing orprotecting supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems orcomponents. In some cases, enclosures can be used to protect aspects ofindustrial, infrastructure, or facility-based control systems orprocesses. Optionally, enclosures can be used to hold programmable logiccontrollers (PLCs), or elements of utility or power generation systems.

In some instances, a particular enclosure embodiment disclosed hereinmay incorporate one or more features of another enclosure embodiment.For example, a CS Model enclosure can have a door that is the same sizeas a door of a DP Model. Relatedly, different enclosure embodiments canbe configured to house different types of telecommunications orelectronic equipment. Exemplary enclosures may include a powerconnection assembly disposed toward the front of the enclosure orcabinet. As another example, various embodiments can combine dimensionalaspects (e.g., exterior height, width, and/or depth, and/or interiorspace) of different embodiments disclosed herein, and the dimensionsdescribed herein should be considered only exemplary in nature. Otherembodiments might have different dimensional characteristics. Merely byway of example, a “triple wide” cabinet (“TW Model”) may be provided, asdescribed below, in accordance with yet other embodiments.

TW Model

FIG. 35A illustrates a top view of a telecommunications enclosurecabinet 3500 according to embodiments of the present invention. Theexternal depth is represented by A, the distance between the mountingholes of mounting rails is represented by B, and the usable area spaceis represented by C. In some embodiments, a telecommunications enclosurehas an external depth A of about 30 inches. In a preferred embodiment,external depth A does not exceed about 30 inches. In some embodiments, atelecommunications enclosure has a distance between the mounting holesof mounting rails B of 22 5/16 inches. In some cases, distance betweenthe mounting holes of mounting rails B does not exceed 22 5/16 inches.According to some embodiments, the telecommunications enclosure has ausable area space C or internal clear space depth C of about 22.76inches on each side. In some cases, the internal clear space depth Cdoes not exceed 22.76 inches on each side.

FIG. 35B illustrates a front view of a telecommunications enclosurecabinet 3500 according to embodiments of the present invention. Theinternal usable height is represented by D, the external height isrepresented by E, the chassis clearance is represented by F, theinternal usable width is represented by G, and the external width isrepresented by H. In some embodiments, a telecommunications enclosurehas an external height E of about 94 inches. In a preferred embodiment,external height E does not exceed 94 inches. In some cases, atelecommunications enclosure might have a chassis clearance F of about23.5 inches. In a preferred embodiment, a telecommunications enclosurehas an external width H of about 90 inches. In a preferred embodiment,external width H does not exceed about 90 inches.

FIGS. 36A-36E illustrate various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure 3600 according to embodiments of thepresent invention. Telecommunications enclosure 3600 includes a cabinet3610 having a top 3620, a bottom 3630, a front 3640, a back 3650, andtwo sides 3660. Cabinet 3610 defines an interior space 3670, and iscoupled with a right door 3680R via a right hinge assembly 3682R and aleft door 3680L via a left hinge assembly 3682L. The hinge assemblies3682R and 3682L might be configured to not buckle, misalign, or degradeover an approximately 20 year life span, provided it is maintainedaccording to manufacturer requirements. Typically, doors 3680R, 3680Lare wide enough to accommodate installation and routine maintenance ofequipment housed in cabinet 3610, and robust enough to provide adequateshielding. According to some embodiments, the doors 3680R and 3680Lmight not include a latching mechanism (such as latching mechanism3084L, 3084R as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 30).

Enclosure 3600 might also include air exhaust systems 3622R, 3622M, and3622L disposed toward back 3650 of cabinet 3610. Exhaust systems 3622R,3622M, and 3622L may each include, for example, six fans located towardcabinet top 3620 and accessible for maintenance and repair. In somecases, exhaust systems 3622R, 3622M, and 3622L vent out the back of thecabinet. In some cases, the enclosure may include exhaust systems 3623R,3623M, and 3623L that vent out the top of the cabinet. Optionally,exhaust systems 3622R, 3622M, and 3622L vent out the back of thecabinet, toward the top. Enclosure 3600 includes rack components such asvertical mounting rails or tapped mounting angles 3662 and chassissupports coupled with cabinet sides 3660. Enclosure 3600 also includesair intake systems 3652R, 3652M, and 3652L, a power filter system 3654,a fiber optic cable point of entry (POE) 3624, and a power input pointof entry (POE) 3626, each coupled with back 3650, side 3660, or top 3620of cabinet 3610. In some embodiments, interior cables from a filtersystem are clean and exterior cables from a filter system are dirty. Insome cases, power filter system 3654 includes redundant components. Insome cases, power filter system 3654 includes one or more DC circuits.

According to some embodiments, enclosure system 3600 might be configuredto house multiple battery strings and telecommunications equipment. Eachbattery string might weigh 250 lbs, while the combinedtelecommunications equipment might weigh 333 lbs. The batteries, in someembodiments, might sit on custom-made trays, one on top of the other, atthe bottom of the cabinet 3610.

In some embodiments, the power filter system 3654 might comprise four 60Amp, 120 VAC/48 VDC, HEMP shielded power line filters 3654, eachexternally mounted to a side 3660 of the cabinet 3610, and configured tobe removable for replacement and configured to be accessible formaintenance. The power line filters 3654, which might be installed inaccordance with MIL-HDBK 423 procedures, and might include three powerinputs to accommodate Phase A (120 VAC), neutral, and Phase B (120 VAC)inputs, where Phase A to Phase B might be 240 VAC. In some cases, theexternal power connection to the filter input might include three powercables connected to the dirty power inputs on all filters. The specificcable type might include, without limitation, #4 power cable (4 AWG,XHHW, Black, Copper, Stranded, 1 Conductor, 600 Volt). The cables mightenter cabinet 3610 and be bonded to the power terminals of the cleanfilter compartment. The internal power connection for filter outputmight include a pre-wired cable from the filter output, which mightterminate inside cabinet 3610. The pre-wired cable might run through aMIL-STD-188-125-1 compliant threaded and gasketed pipe nipple from theclean compartment of the power filter 3654 into cabinet 3610. Thespecific cable type might include #4 AWG power cable, and might have alength of 5 feet of slack, delivered coiled.

Enclosure system 3600 may include a site ground 3653, which can operateto ground the cabinet or enclosure system. The site ground 3653,according to some embodiments, might be embodied as a rectangulargrounding strip (as opposed to a grounding post), and might measureabout 2 inches long, 1 inch wide, and ½ inch thick. In some embodiments,the grounding strip 3653 might be welded to the top rear of the cabinet3610, and might be drilled with two ¼ inch holes that are tapped forNational Coarse and spaced ⅝ inches apart from center to center. In somecases, power filter system 3654 is configured to deliver or transmit 100amps into the cabinet.

Enclosure system 3600 may include an ox bar support or seismic brace3609 coupled with an upper portion of the cabinet. Such seismic braces3609 can be coupled with a ceiling of a building or other structure, andcan help to stabilize the enclosure in the event of an earthquake. Insome cases, the seismic brace 3609 might run parallel to the front 3640and back 3650 of cabinet 3610, and might include two sets of anchorholes on the top surface of the seismic brace 3609. Each set of anchorholes might include three holes, spaced three inches apart and tappedfor ⅝ inch threaded rod, to accommodate two anchor points on the ceilingof a building or other structure. As shown here, enclosure system 3600may also include a front flange 3692 and a rear flange 3694, which cansimilarly be useful in stabilizing the enclosure. Each of the frontflange 3692 and rear flange 3694 might be solid flanges, about ¼ inchthick (for extra support), running the entire width (90 inches) of thecabinet 3610 and welded to the front and back of the cabinet 3610,respectively. In some cases, the front and rear flanges 3692, 3694 mighthave elongated holes in each corner to accommodate floor anchoringbolts, and might be as narrow as possible while still being able toaccommodate installation of the anchoring bolts.

In some cases, cabinet 3610 might include two front doors 3680R and3680L. Enclosure 3600 can also include a finger stock that engages eachdoor. For example, enclosure cabinet 3610 can include a knife edgefinger stock 3681L disposed around a left door opening 3612 of thecabinet, such that door 3680L fits against the finger stock when thedoor is in a closed configuration. The door opening 3612, in someembodiments, might have a clear opening of about 23.5 inches toaccommodate equipment installation and maintenance. Although the cabinetmay include two doors or two door openings, in some cases left-sideinterior, middle interior, and the right-side interior of the cabinetwill be open toward one another. For example, there may or may not bemiddle walls or partitions separating the two sides and a middle portionof the interior space 3670.

The fiber optic cable POEs 3624, in some examples, might be embodied asnine 1 inch by 6 inch shielded waveguides below the cutoff fiber entryports located on the top 3620 of cabinet 3610, with three placed on thetop, front, right, three placed on the top, front, center, and threeplaced on the top, front, left of cabinet 3610. The fiber optic cablePOEs 3624, in some cases, might not exceed 1 inch above the top 3620 ofcabinet 3610, and might be located below top seismic bracing bar 3609.

Enclosure 3600 might, according to some cases, include shieldedwaveguides below cutoff air vents (and fans) that are constructed ofmachined, steel material, ¾ inch thick with ⅛ inch holes for air flow,in accordance MIL-STD-188-125-1 requirements. The shielded waveguidesmight be circumferentially welded to the cabinet surface, according toMIL-HDBK-423 standards. In some embodiments, a bottom vent, sizedapproximately 21 inches by 16 inches, might be located about 18 inchesfrom the floor on the back 3650 of the cabinet 3610. A top vent (andfans provided on fan mounting plates) 3623R, 3623M, and 3623L might beprovided on the ceiling at the top and rear of cabinet 3610, withexhaust wave filters on the ceiling at the top and rear of cabinet 3610.In some cases, three top vents (and fans) 3623R, 3623M, and 3623L mightbe provided on top 3620 of cabinet 3610.

Enclosure 3600 or component parts thereof are typically configured tocertain specifications or dimensions. For example, the enclosure can beconfigured for installation in a standard telecommunications room orspace, such that the dimensions of the enclosure do not exceed certainlimits. In some cases, enclosure 3600 can be manufactured not to exceeda volume or space of about 90″ width by about 30″ depth by about 94″height. This may include the frame or relay rack size, including panelcovers, doors, exterior mounted power line filters, top seismic bracing,and the like. According to some embodiments, some components, including,for example, door handles, latches, air intake vents, bottom flanges orbracings, and the like, may extend beyond these dimensions. Theenclosure can include three sets of two vertical mounting rails 3662 oneach side of each of the three vertical compartments (i.e., left,middle, and right compartments). In some embodiments, the verticalmounting rails may extend from the bottom to the top of the cabinet3610, while in other embodiments, the vertical mounting rails mayinclude rails that are 44 inches in length and positioned between thetop and bottom of the cabinet 3610. According to some embodiments, themounting rails 3662 might each comprise a forward rail face and a backrail face. The forward rail face might be located 8 inches into thecabinet 3610 (within usable space 3670) and 11 inches from the back. Therear rail face might be located 5 inches from the front face. Oppositerails might be located 21½ inches apart, with opposite mounting holesabout 22 5/16 inches apart. This particular configuration is useful forenclosures that hold telecommunications equipment. Enclosures that holdcomputer servers may provide a different mounting rail configuration.The rails can be manufactured from 12 Gauge steel, and can include holeswhich may be tapped according to an American National Standard. Forexample, in some embodiments, the rails are tapped with 12-24 NationalCoarse (NC) holes along their entire length or one or more portionsthereof. The holes may be punched so that they are aligned in a straightvertical line, which can allow for ease of telecommunications equipmentinstallation. In some cases, enclosure elements such as the verticalmounting rails are configured to meet or exceed seismic standards. Forexample, the rails can be manufactured to meet a Zone 4 seismicspecification. Typically, a cabinet includes six (i.e., three sets oftwo opposing) vertical mounting rails. Embodiments of the presentinvention include enclosures and component elements thereof that areconstructed according to certain procedures or standard specificationssuch as MIL-HDBK-423. In some embodiments, enclosure 3600 is configuredfor placement in a hut or prefabricated building located along atelecommunications backbone, at least part of which may be near arailroad grid or right-of-way. According to some embodiments, a doorsensor bracket might be provided to sense whether the door is open(i.e., partially or fully open) or closed (i.e., fully closed).

Enclosure 3600 can define an electromagnetic barrier, so as to preventor limit HEMP fields and conducted transients from entering the enclosedspace. In some cases, enclosure 3600 complies with minimum requirementsor design objects as set forth in certain standards, such asMIL-STD-188-125-1 (including Appendices), which is a standard forhigh-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) protection for ground-basedfacilities performing critical, time-urgent missions. For example,embodiments of the present invention encompass enclosures and componentparts that provide at least about 80 dB attenuation at 1 GHz. In someembodiments, enclosures and component parts provide at least about 100dB attenuation at 1 GHz. Enclosure 3600 and components thereof can alsocomply with safety, spatial and environmental design guidelines appliedto telecommunications equipment, such as NEBS™. Similarly, enclosure3600 and components thereof can comply with documents such as TelcordiaTechnologies GR-63-CORE and GR-1089-CORE, as well as related standardsrequired by or developed by organizations such as FCC, CISPR, IEC, IEEE,ASTM, ANSI, and ETSI. The fiber optic cable point of entry can include ashielded wave guide, and in some cases is located on the top of theenclosure, toward the front, so as to allow for ease of internal cablemanagement. In some cases, an air intake system includes a shieldedpassive vent, which may be constructed of machined, steel honeycomb. Thevent can be circumferentially welded to a mounting surface or cabinetsurface according to a procedure or standard specification such asMIL-HDBK-423.

For TW models with only two doors, the middle compartment might be usedto accommodate more fiber optic cable POEs 3624, while allowing forgreater venting and heat dissipation.

FIG. 37A illustrates a top view of a telecommunications enclosurecabinet 3700 according to embodiments of the present invention. Theexternal depth is represented by A, the distance between the mountingholes of mounting rails is represented by B, and the usable area spaceis represented by C. In some embodiments, a telecommunications enclosurehas an external depth A of about 30 inches. In a preferred embodiment,external depth A does not exceed about 30 inches. In some embodiments, atelecommunications enclosure has a distance between the mounting holesof mounting rails B of 22 5/16 inches. In some cases, distance betweenthe mounting holes of mounting rails B does not exceed 22 5/16 inches.According to some embodiments, the telecommunications enclosure has ausable area space C or internal clear space depth C of about 22.76inches on each side. In some cases, the internal clear space depth Cdoes not exceed 22.76 inches on each side.

FIG. 37B illustrates a front view of a telecommunications enclosurecabinet 3700 according to embodiments of the present invention. Theinternal usable height is represented by D, the external height isrepresented by E, the chassis clearance is represented by F, theinternal usable width is represented by G, and the external width isrepresented by H. In some embodiments, a telecommunications enclosurehas an external height E of about 94 inches. In a preferred embodiment,external height E does not exceed 94 inches. In some cases, atelecommunications enclosure might have a chassis clearance F of about23.5 inches. In some embodiments, a telecommunications enclosure has anexternal width H of about 90 inches. In a preferred embodiment, externalwidth H does not exceed about 90 inches.

FIGS. 38A-38E illustrate various views of a HEMP protectedtelecommunications enclosure 3800 according to embodiments of thepresent invention. Telecommunications enclosure 3800 includes a cabinet3810 having a top 3820, a bottom 3830, a front 3840, a back 3850, andtwo sides 3860. Cabinet 3810 defines an interior space 3870, and iscoupled with a right front door 3880R via a right hinge assembly 3882R,a left front door 3880L via a left hinge assembly 3882L, a middle reardoor 3880M via a middle hinge assembly 3882M. The hinge assemblies3882R, 3882M, and 3882L might be configured to not buckle, misalign, ordegrade over an approximately 20 year life span, provided it ismaintained according to manufacturer requirements. Typically, doors3880R, 3880M, 3880L are wide enough to accommodate installation androutine maintenance of equipment housed in cabinet 3810, and robustenough to provide adequate shielding. According to some embodiments, thedoors 3880R, 3880M, and 3880L might not include a latching mechanism(such as latching mechanism 3084L, 3084R as shown in the embodiment ofFIG. 30).

Enclosure 3800 might also include air exhaust systems 3822R, and 3822Ldisposed toward back 3850 of cabinet 3810. In some cases, enclosure 3800might include air exhaust system 3822M disposed toward front 3840 ofcabinet 3810. Exhaust systems 3822R, 3822M, and 3822L may each include,for example, six fans located toward cabinet top 3820 and accessible formaintenance and repair. In some cases, exhaust systems 3822R and 3822Lvent out the back of the cabinet, while exhaust system 3822M might ventout the front of the cabinet. In some cases, the enclosure may includeexhaust systems 3823R, 3823M, and 3823L that vent out the top of thecabinet. Optionally, exhaust systems 3822R and 3822L vent out the backof the cabinet, toward the top, while exhaust system 3822M might ventout the front of the cabinet, toward the top. Enclosure 3800 includesrack components such as vertical mounting rails or tapped mountingangles 3862 and chassis supports coupled with cabinet sides 3860.Enclosure 3800 also includes air intake systems 3852R, 3852M, and 3852L,a power filter system 3854, a fiber optic cable point of entry (POE)3824, and a power input point of entry (POE) 3826, each coupled withback 3850, side 3860, or top 3820 of cabinet 3810. In some embodiments,interior cables from a filter system are clean and exterior cables froma filter system are dirty. In some cases, power filter system 3854includes redundant components. In some cases, power filter system 3854includes one or more DC circuits.

According to some embodiments, enclosure system 3800 might be configuredto house multiple battery strings and telecommunications equipment. Eachbattery string might weigh 250 lbs, while the combinedtelecommunications equipment might weigh 333 lbs. The batteries, in someembodiments, might sit on custom-made trays, one on top of the other, atthe bottom of the cabinet 3810.

In some embodiments, the power filter system 3854 might comprise four 60Amp, 120 VAC/48 VDC, HEMP shielded power line filters 3854, eachexternally mounted to a side 3860 of the cabinet 3810, and configured tobe removable for replacement and configured to be accessible formaintenance. The power line filters 3854, which might be installed inaccordance with MIL-HDBK 423 procedures, and might include three powerinputs to accommodate Phase A (120 VAC), neutral, and Phase B (120 VAC)inputs, where Phase A to Phase B might be 240 VAC. In some cases, theexternal power connection to the filter input might include three powercables connected to the dirty power inputs on all filters. The specificcable type might include, without limitation, #4 power cable (4 AWG,XHHW, Black, Copper, Stranded, 1 Conductor, 600 Volt). The cables mightenter cabinet 3810 and be bonded to the power terminals of the cleanfilter compartment. The internal power connection for filter outputmight include a pre-wired cable from the filter output, which mightterminate inside cabinet 3810. The pre-wired cable might run through aMIL-STD-188-125-1 compliant threaded and gasketed pipe nipple from theclean compartment of the power filter 3854 into cabinet 3810. Thespecific cable type might include #4 AWG power cable, and might have alength of 5 feet of slack, delivered coiled.

Enclosure system 3800 may include a site ground 3853, which can operateto ground the cabinet or enclosure system. The site ground 3853,according to some embodiments, might be embodied as a rectangulargrounding strip (as opposed to a grounding post), and might measureabout 2 inches long, 1 inch wide, and ½ inch thick. In some embodiments,the grounding strip 3853 might be welded to the top rear of the cabinet3810, and might be drilled with two ¼ inch holes that are tapped forNational Coarse and spaced ⅝ inches apart from center to center. In somecases, power filter system 3854 is configured to deliver or transmit 100amps into the cabinet.

Enclosure system 3800 may include an ox bar support or seismic brace3809 coupled with an upper portion of the cabinet. Such seismic braces3809 can be coupled with a ceiling of a building or other structure, andcan help to stabilize the enclosure in the event of an earthquake. Insome cases, the seismic brace 3809 might run parallel to the front 3840and back 3850 of cabinet 3810, and might include two sets of anchorholes on the top surface of the seismic brace 3809. Each set of anchorholes might include three holes, spaced three inches apart and tappedfor ⅝ inch threaded rod, to accommodate two anchor points on the ceilingof a building or other structure. As shown here, enclosure system 3800may also include a front flange 3892 and a rear flange 3894, which cansimilarly be useful in stabilizing the enclosure. Each of the frontflange 3892 and rear flange 3894 might be solid flanges, about ¼ inchthick (for extra support), running the entire width (90 inches) of thecabinet 3810 and welded to the front and back of the cabinet 3810,respectively. In some cases, the front and rear flanges 3892, 3894 mighthave elongated holes in each corner to accommodate floor anchoringbolts, and might be as narrow as possible while still being able toaccommodate installation of the anchoring bolts.

In some cases, cabinet 3810 might include two front doors 3880R and3880L, and one rear door 3880M. Enclosure 3800 can also include a fingerstock that engages each door. For example, enclosure cabinet 3810 caninclude a knife edge finger stock 3881L disposed around a left dooropening 3812 of the cabinet, such that door 3880L fits against thefinger stock when the door is in a closed configuration. The dooropening 3812, in some embodiments, might have a clear opening of about23.5 inches to accommodate equipment installation and maintenance.Although the cabinet may include two front doors or two front dooropenings, and one rear middle door or one rear middle door opening, insome cases left-side interior, middle interior, and the right-sideinterior of the cabinet will be open toward one another. For example,there may or may not be middle walls or partitions separating the twosides and the middle portion of the interior space 3870.

The fiber optic cable POEs 3824, in some examples, might be embodied asnine 1 inch by 6 inch shielded waveguides below the cutoff fiber entryports located on the top 3820 of cabinet 3810, with three placed on thetop, front, right, three placed on the top, front, center, and threeplaced on the top, front, left of cabinet 3810. The fiber optic cablePOEs 3824, in some cases, might not exceed 1 inch above the top 3820 ofcabinet 3810, and might be located below top seismic bracing bar 3809.

Enclosure 3800 might, according to some cases, include shieldedwaveguides below cutoff air vents (and fans) that are constructed ofmachined, steel material, ¾ inch thick with ⅛ inch holes for air flow,in accordance with MIL-STD-188-125-1 requirements. The shieldedwaveguides might be circumferentially welded to the cabinet surface,according to MIL-HDBK-423 standards. In some embodiments, a bottom vent,sized approximately 21 inches by 16 inches, might be located about 18inches from the floor on the back 3850 (or on the back door 3880M) ofthe cabinet 3810. A top vent (and fans provided on fan mounting plates)3823R, 3823M, and 3823L might be provided on the ceiling at the top andrear of cabinet 3810, with exhaust wave filters on the ceiling at thetop and rear of cabinet 3810. In some cases, three top vents (and fans)3823R, 3823M, and 3823L might be provided on top 3820 of cabinet 3810.

Enclosure 3800 or component parts thereof are typically configured tocertain specifications or dimensions. For example, the enclosure can beconfigured for installation in a standard telecommunications room orspace, such that the dimensions of the enclosure do not exceed certainlimits. In some cases, enclosure 3800 can be manufactured not to exceeda volume or space of about 90″ width by about 30″ depth by about 94″height. This may include the frame or relay rack size, including panelcovers, doors, exterior mounted power line filters, top seismic bracing,and the like. According to some embodiments, some components, including,for example, door handles, latches, air intake vents, bottom flanges orbracings, and the like, may extend beyond these dimensions. Theenclosure can include three sets of two vertical mounting rails 3862 oneach side of each of the three vertical compartments (i.e., left,middle, and right compartments). In some embodiments, the verticalmounting rails may extend from the bottom to the top of the cabinet3810, while in other embodiments, the vertical mounting rails mayinclude rails that are 44 inches in length and positioned between thetop and bottom of the cabinet 3810. According to some embodiments, themounting rails 3862 might each comprise a forward rail face and a backrail face. The forward rail face might be located 8 inches into thecabinet 3810 (within usable space 3870) and 11 inches from the back. Therear rail face might be located 5 inches from the front face. Oppositerails might be located 21½ inches apart, with opposite mounting holesabout 22 5/16 inches apart. This particular configuration is useful forenclosures that hold telecommunications equipment. Enclosures that holdcomputer servers may provide a different mounting rail configuration.The rails can be manufactured from 12 Gauge steel, and can include holeswhich may be tapped according to an American National Standard. Forexample, in some embodiments, the rails are tapped with 12-24 NationalCoarse (NC) holes along their entire length or one or more portionsthereof. The holes may be punched so that they are aligned in a straightvertical line, which can allow for ease of telecommunications equipmentinstallation. In some cases, enclosure elements such as the verticalmounting rails are configured to meet or exceed seismic standards. Forexample, the rails can be manufactured to meet a Zone 4 seismicspecification. Typically, a cabinet includes six (i.e., three sets oftwo opposing) vertical mounting rails. Embodiments of the presentinvention include enclosures and component elements thereof that areconstructed according to certain procedures or standard specificationssuch as MIL-HDBK-423. In some embodiments, enclosure 3800 is configuredfor placement in a hut or prefabricated building located along atelecommunications backbone, at least part of which may be near arailroad grid or right-of-way. According to some embodiments, a doorsensor bracket might be provided to sense whether the door is open(i.e., partially or fully open) or closed (i.e., fully closed).

Enclosure 3800 can define an electromagnetic barrier, so as to preventor limit HEMP fields and conducted transients from entering the enclosedspace. In some cases, enclosure 3800 complies with minimum requirementsor design objects as set forth in certain standards, such asMIL-STD-188-125-1 (including Appendices), which is a standard forhigh-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) protection for ground-basedfacilities performing critical, time-urgent missions. For example,embodiments of the present invention encompass enclosures and componentparts that provide at least about 80 dB attenuation at 1 GHz. In someembodiments, enclosures and component parts provide at least about 100dB attenuation at 1 GHz. Enclosure 3800 and components thereof can alsocomply with safety, spatial and environmental design guidelines appliedto telecommunications equipment, such as NEBS™. Similarly, enclosure3800 and components thereof can comply with documents such as TelcordiaTechnologies GR-63-CORE and GR-1089-CORE, as well as related standardsrequired by or developed by organizations such as FCC, CISPR, IEC, IEEE,ASTM, ANSI, and ETSI. The fiber optic cable point of entry can include ashielded wave guide, and in some cases is located on the top of theenclosure, toward the front, so as to allow for ease of internal cablemanagement. In some cases, an air intake system includes a shieldedpassive vent, which may be constructed of machined, steel honeycomb. Thevent can be circumferentially welded to a mounting surface or cabinetsurface according to a procedure or standard specification such asMIL-HDBK-423.

Enclosures can be used to house equipment within repeater huts that arelocated along railroad lines. In some cases, enclosures can beconfigured to fit within standard bay spaces. Enclosures may contain oneor more linked amplifiers that transmit signals from one repeater hut toanother, or from a repeater hut to a larger terminal unit. For example,signals or information can be transmitted along a link of amplifiers toa terminal unit, wherein the signal is regenerated or boosted. In somecases, CS Models can be placed within repeater huts. Enclosures may alsobe used to house equipment contained within a larger site, such as abuilding or warehouse.

Another set of embodiments might provide “decoy” cabinets. A decoycabinet might be configured to appear to be a cabinet that provides aparticular HEMP protection level but actually does not. Such decoycabinets advantageously can be used to house less-sensitive equipmentwhile still appearing indistinguishable (to whatever degree possible ordesired according to the implementation) to an observer. Such decoycabinets possibly can be produced with less expense than a protectedenclosure. In implementation, a telecommunication provider might installone or more protected enclosures to house sensitive equipment and one ormore decoy enclosures to house less sensitive (and/or less valuable,critical, etc.) equipment. Both sets of enclosures, however, wouldappear the same, which could avoid unwanted attention to the sensitiveequipment. In an aspect, a decoy enclosure might have dimensional and/orappearance characteristics similar or identical to any of the enclosuresdescribed herein, but without sufficient shielding to provide the samelevel of protection. In another aspect, enclosures that fail to meettesting criteria for a given protection level (e.g., MIL-STD-188-125-1)could be used as decoy enclosures.

Although certain system, device, and method embodiments have beendisclosed herein, it will be apparent from the foregoing disclosure tothose skilled in the art that variations, modifications, alternativeconstructions, and equivalents of such embodiments may be made withoutdeparting from the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further,while various methods and processes described herein may be describedwith respect to particular structural and/or functional components forease of description, methods provided by various embodiments are notlimited to any particular structural and/or functional architecture butinstead can be implemented on any suitable hardware configuration.Similarly, while certain functionality is ascribed to certain systemcomponents, unless the context dictates otherwise, this functionalitycan be distributed among various other system components in accordancewith the several embodiments.

Moreover, while the procedures of the methods and processes describedherein are described in a particular order for ease of description,unless the context dictates otherwise, various procedures may bereordered, added, and/or omitted in accordance with various embodiments.Moreover, the procedures described with respect to one method or processmay be incorporated within other described methods or processes;likewise, system components described according to a particularstructural architecture and/or with respect to one system may beorganized in alternative structural architectures and/or incorporatedwithin other described systems. Hence, while various embodiments aredescribed with—or without—certain features for ease of description andto illustrate exemplary aspects of those embodiments, the variouscomponents and/or features described herein with respect to a particularembodiment can be substituted, added and/or subtracted from among otherdescribed embodiments, unless the context dictates otherwise.Consequently, although several exemplary embodiments are describedabove, it will be appreciated that the invention is intended to coverall modifications and equivalents within the scope of the followingclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of producing a HEMP protected enclosurefor holding an electronic device, comprising: building a test HEMPprotected enclosure according to an enclosure design; performing anacceptance testing procedure on the test HEMP protected enclosure;determining whether the test HEMP protected enclosure meets a HEMPprotection level according to MIL-STD-188-125-1; and producing aplurality of HEMP protected enclosures according to the enclosure designif the test HEMP protected enclosure meets the HEMP protection levelaccording to MIL-STD-188-125-1; wherein the test HEMP protectedenclosure comprises a cabinet width dimension of not more than about 90inches wide, a cabinet height dimension of not more than about 94inches, and a cabinet depth dimension of not more than about 30 inches.2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the test HEMP protectedenclosure defines an internal clear space depth dimension of at leastabout 26.75 inches.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the testHEMP protected enclosure comprises a cabinet width dimension of about 65inches and a cabinet depth dimension of about 30 inches.
 4. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the HEMP protection level provides ashielding effectiveness of at least 80 dB attenuation at 1 GHz, with aresidual peak current of less than 10 A, a rate of rise less than1.0e+0.7, and a root action of less than 1.6e−01 in response to a signalincident on the HEMP protected enclosure, the signal simulated by aninput waveform into a short circuit having a risetime of less than 20 nsand a full width half maximum (“FWHM”) of between 500 and 550 ns.
 5. Themethod according to claim 1, wherein the enclosure provides a HEMPprotection level to the telecommunications device of at least 100 dBattenuation at 1 GHz.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein theHEMP protected enclosure further comprises: a power input point of entrythat facilitates entry of a power cable to the interior space from alocation external to the cabinet; and a fiber optic cable point of entrythat facilitates entry of a fiber optic cable to the interior space froma location external to the cabinet.
 7. The method according to claim 1,wherein the HEMP protected enclosure further comprises: a converter; anda battery coupled with the converter.
 8. The method according to claim1, wherein the HEMP protected enclosure further comprises a powerfilter.
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein a clean output ofthe power filter is disposed within the interior space of the cabinet.10. The method according to claim 8, wherein a dirty input of the powerfilter is disposed external to the cabinet.
 11. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the cabinet comprises a front opening configured toreceive the electronic device therethrough.
 12. The method according toclaim 11, wherein the front opening of the cabinet comprises at leastone clear opening of at least about 23.5 inches in width.
 13. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the enclosure provides a HEMP protectionlevel to the telecommunications device of at least 80 dB attenuation at1 GHz.
 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the HEMP protectedenclosure further comprises: a power input point of entry thatfacilitates entry of a power cable to the interior space from a locationexternal to the cabinet, the power input point of entry disposed at atop surface of the enclosure; and a fiber optic cable point of entrythat facilitates entry of a fiber optic cable to the interior space froma location external to the cabinet, the fiber optic cable point of entrydisposed at a top surface of the enclosure.
 15. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the HEMP protected enclosure further comprises: a powercable coupled with the power input point of entry; and a fiber opticcable coupled with the fiber optic cable point of entry.
 16. A method ofproviding HEMP protection to a telecommunications device, comprising:placing the telecommunications device in a HEMP protected enclosure,wherein the enclosure comprises a cabinet having an interior space, anda rack disposed within the interior space, the rack configured tosupport the telecommunications device, the cabinet comprising a cabinetwidth dimension of not more than about 90 inches wide, a cabinet heightdimension of not more than about 94 inches, and a cabinet depthdimension of not more than about 30 inches, and the enclosure provides aHEMP protection level to the telecommunications device that meets a HEMPprotection level according to MIL-STD-188-125-1; and closing a door overa front opening of the HEMP protected enclosure.
 17. The methodaccording to claim 17, wherein the test HEMP protected enclosure definesan internal clear space depth dimension of at least about 26.75 inches.18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the test HEMP protectedenclosure comprises a cabinet width dimension of about 65 inches and acabinet depth dimension of about 30 inches.
 19. The method according toclaim 17, wherein the HEMP protection level provides a shieldingeffectiveness of at least 80 dB attenuation at 1 GHz, with a residualpeak current of less than 10 A, a rate of rise less than 1.0e+0.7, and aroot action of less than 1.6e−01 in response to a signal incident on theHEMP protected enclosure, the signal simulated by an input waveform intoa short circuit having a risetime of less than 20 ns and a full widthhalf maximum (“FWHM”) of between 500 and 550 ns.
 20. The methodaccording to claim 17, wherein the enclosure provides a HEMP protectionlevel to the telecommunications device of at least 100 dB attenuation at1 GHz.